Property law consultant Essay

This is in reference to your query about legal advice with respect to your property which is currently occupied by three tenants apart from you. This letter explains in detail about each tenant rights, terms and conditions which are legally referenced and relevant to your tenants, residing in ground floor, middle floor and top floor. A view on UK property law, rights and obligations of landlord is provided to you for your understanding and also about your convenient decision making in the matters of your property and also how to deal with your tenants in legal framework. There is also a clear analysis about legal relationship that exists between you and your tenants. First of all, it is important to take a clear note on responsibility of landlord over the property. The said property of Georgian Town House has been taken for a lease period of 25 years and only a period of 9 years have been completed and there are still 16 more years for the expiry of lease period. Therefore, this gives out a fact that it is important to maintain the leased premises. It is a also a fact that you travel on a holiday spending most of your time within and outside UK making it necessary that premises have to be absolutely in tact even in your absence for the convenience of tenants as well to keep the premises out of dilapidation. UK property law clearly states that landlord must undertake repairs to the property whenever required in the structure of the property. The connections of gas, hot water, electrical appliances, common areas and furnitures have to be strictly administered by the landlord. This emphasizes that as a landlord, carrying out repairs wherever required is not only required by property law of UK whereas it is also an act of meeting the obligations and requirements of tenants. Three of your tenants stated that central stairwell which is commonly used by all of you is completely dilapidated and the tenants have been complaining demanding repairs, painting and to establish re-connections of lighting. Please understand that you as landlord have to meet and comply with the UK property laws and any violation to the laws would be seriously viewed inviting penalties. Now, moving on from your rights and obligations as landlord, the next would be a detailed discussion about each tenant and legal relationship that exist between you as landlord and your tenants. Groundfloor – Taxi cab A written agreement of â€Å"licence to occupy† which came into effect on 1. 5. 2008 and as per the agreement taxi cab firm must pay ? 10,000. The taxi cab presently pays a sum of ? 2500 for every three months. The legal relationship between taxi cab and you is that of a tenant and a landlord. Tax cab is responsile for paying the stated sum as rent regularly and tenant is also responsible for bills of gas, electricity, telephone as per the written agreement and further taxes must be regularly paid apart from water and sewerage charges. Taxi cab written agreement expires on 30. 4. 2011 as the agreement is for a period of three years. Therefore it is important to abide by the requests of repair or renovation as required by the taxi cab firm with the fact that lease agreement must be fully complied with meeting the all the requirements. Section 27 pf Tenant Act 1954 is not being discussed here for your reference. Taxi cab also requested you to repair the central stairwell and if this request is not approved by you, there is a scope that taxi cab might waive paying rent, or bring such other damage to the premises which would prove more expensive for repairs to be made. Middle floor which is occupied by a jeweller, who is also your cousin has not entered into any written agreement with you and that does not legally bind neither you nor jewellery to comply with any UK property laws. Oral agreement is not a valid option in the matters of disputes and also consider any decision. However as for now, jeweller is paying a rent of ? 400 per month and is carrying on business during week days. It is also a fact that oral agreement also carries certain rights and obligations both for business tenants and for the landlord, although these cannot be enforced in the courts as written agreements are more valid while filing cases of non-compliance of property laws or tenant laws. The nature of legal relationship between you and jeweller is that of a business tenant and a landlord. Further this tenant must maintain a rent book for the monthly rent paid to you and you are required to put your signature in the rent book whenever you receive rent. This tenant apart from being your cousin has every right and responsibility towards the central stairwell to carryout repairs whereas this must be done with a mutual consent from you. Further it is also a fact that this tenant is standing on the collective opinion of other two tenants that central stairwell must be repaired as it is creating problems for all the clients. Therefore, obliging to the request to repair the central stairwell is more advisable as it would invite more obligations both from business tenants and also from UK property law authorities if in case a complaint against you is launched for non-repair of central stairwell. The top floor is occupied by a commercial artist who also does not carry any written agreement of business tenancy. The tenant also facilitates the floor when there are parties arranged by you which means the tenant is absolutely cordial and compatible with you in the capacity of landlord. This tenant is also paying a small amount towards bills. Further this tenant is also of the opinion that central stairwell must be repaired. All of the business tenants are using the premises all through the business days which means central stairwell is a common area for carrying on respective activities. Another fact is only tax cab firm is a legal tenant with a legal relationship whereas other two business tenants viz. jeweller, commercial artist are not legal tenants due to the fact that there is no written agreement. The sum of rent paid by jewellery and commercial artist is very small whereas taxi cab firm is paying rent on lease. The opinion of all the three tenants is that since the central stairwell is used regularly, it is important to maintain the same in order to prevent any unforeseen occurrence of accidents or breakage. This was the main reason that tenants have approached you to repair the central stairwell. Taxi cab firm along with other two tenants in each floor are performing well in carrying on businesses and therefore, there is no problem of business loss or lack of funds. Further tenants have been very cooperative in paying rents regularly and also in meeting the other expenses as and when required. Some of the rights that can be exercised by you in the capacity of a landlord are viz. , increase of rent, conditions on usage of premises or any other matter pertaining to either rent or premises. Tenants complaints for repair of central stairwell would be valid only when there is a written notice to this effect under Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which states that notice that be given either verbally or in writing in order to provide sufficient time for landlord to carryout the required repairs. When landlord does not wish to carry out repairs, in such case, tenants have to show the proof of written notice to the court in order to receive a remedial claim. The landlord cannot ignore or overlook any legal responsibilities with regard to the repairs as stated in Section 11 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. As per the law, landlord is responsible for maintaining the roof, gutter, drains, pipes, walls, windows doors or any structure of the property. Section 11 clearly states that landlord must take the responsibility to maintain the repairs of the structure and also to keep the installations such as baths, sinks, sanitary pipes. Taking this section as a guide, central stairwell is within the premises of the property which is used by tenants regularly for business purpose. Therefore, the responsibility of repair rests with the landlord. Conclusively, keeping all of the above facts in view, there are two options at your end to maintain and repair the central stairwell. First is, to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and second is to assign the responsibility to one of the tenants whom you confide in to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and submit all the necessary bills of repairs to you. Further these expenses can be deducted from the monthly rent paid by all the three tenants. This would solve the problem and further all the tenants would be satisfied. Sincerely, Sd/- (B) Property law consultant References Housing in England – Tenancy Agreements Accessed 20 March 2009 http://www. adviceguide. org. uk/index/family_parent/housing/tenancy_agreements. htm LandLord and Tenant Act 1954 Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://72. 14. 235. 132/search? q=cache:QpO_V-_S0f8J:www. communities. gov. uk/documents/citiesandregions/pdf/131185. pdf+the+Landlord+and+Tenant+Act+1954. &cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in Landlord and Tenants Rights Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. insolvencyhelpline. co. uk/legal_issues_explained/landlords_and_tenants_rights. php Renting a home. The key to a quiet life Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. lawsociety. org. uk/choosingandusing/commonlegalproblems/rentingahome. page Section 27 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954: a tactical approach Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. practicalconveyancing. co. uk/content/view/7631/1121/ The rights of renters Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. consumerrightsexpert. co. uk/TheRightsOfRenters. html Tenancy agreement service Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/verbal-tenancy-agreements. htm Landlords’ and Tenants’ repairing obligations Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/repairing-obligations. htm#notice-of-repairs

Melodies of music Essay

A breath taking experience from my friend that really makes a history in his life was when he was in a relationship with a Muslim woman. All of us know that is prohibited for a Muslim woman to marry or have a relationship with Christians. At first everything is ok. For him she is the sunshine that brightens up his days. The radiant of her beauty make him feel that every glimpse of memories is worth treasuring. I guess everybody feels that to somebody they loved. Perhaps, when people feel in love, the risk and fear are of no value. They met in a theatre company where they both are member. Both are members of the music ensemble. Perhaps that music interest served as their common ground for conversation. Every piece they played creates them a melody that binds their hearts. Well, that theatre company that they are into is based on school. In short that was just a part of their extra curricular activity. That place became their hangout in other words. Every end of a day they meet their not for anything else but for music. At first they were not friends. They do not often talk. They just look at each other and feel the melodies of music. At that time none of them feel the magnetic reaction on the opposite sex. None of them feel attracted. The boy that time stopped from school and concentrated on his music career. After a month of national tour, the woman was scheduled to be the next one to be sent out for a performance. That was their first time to work together. They never had a work together before that instance. Days pass and seconds gone then the time come when they were to meet for rehearsals. Well, that place was the place of the woman; in short they are far from their school. On their first rehearsal together, everything seems so funny. The woman, because it’s her first time to join the touring company on a show, became as cold as ice. Her lips speak these words in silent: â€Å"I am afraid†. Even then, things work together for good. Their eyes spark when they had an eye-to-eye contact. Well, for them that was just a work. No malice for short. Time passes so quickly that they never noticed that they become closer and closer not only in personal relationship but in their emotions as well. They did not notice the time that they wish those things and memories that passed to happen again. On their way to the hotel, the boy sits beside her as they rode on their vehicle. The boy sang some friendship songs that made the woman to tears. He never noticed it. A time come when the begun to sleep on the woman’s shoulder. He never knew that it happened but because of the bonds that they have, no malice again. That was just a friends way of caring. On that night, they went to a park. Not alone but along with a friend. They cherish the moment together and had their picture taking under the shed of the moon. Sudden glimpse of yesterday popped up on the heart of the boy. As he looked at her at that time he sees a beautiful canvass of God’s creation. She is a majestic creation of God; a proof of His existence and her hair shines and glow as the moon gives its light. As they pass along a garden the beauty of the woman defies the beauty of the colors of the roses. A flower walks on the pathway as the boy look at her in a distance for he was taking pictures on the girl. On their last night, they just sat on a sofa as the woman shares about her past. She has a best friend whom she feels in love with. Since she was away from him for about three years, she wants to meet him just to take a picture of the present. As the conversation goes by, the boy offered the woman his phone for her to call her best friend. At first the woman refused to accept the offer of the boy but as the boy say these words: â€Å"Time passes once, we should think to do things that we wont regret and we must take this moment for this will only pass once†, the woman take the phone and call her best friend. As the boy look at her during her call, he felt happy for his friend. No money can buy the happiness that that phone call gives to her close friend. After the call the boy sent a message for the woman’s friends. He asked them to have a last hour together along with her best friend. He did that just to make the woman happy. What a lovely night that was. Two little creatures of different that came from different lands meet for one reason but that reason gives them a chance to be together without thinking of their different. The girl lean on the boy’s shoulder and take a nap. Without knowing, that became the start for the boy to have different feelings for her. He thought of the instance what if they will fall in love with each other. He thinks for a reason for the world to accept them but he only arrives at the fact that they could never be together. On her way back to school she live a message for the boy (the girl still have a class). Those messages that have tears give him the courage to pursue the unwanted feelings. The dent a message saying: â€Å"I have something to tell you when your boat starts to sail†. Time to sail and the boy sent these messages: â€Å"I never thought I’d feel this way. Those memories you’ve left makes me convince that I love you. It sounds unusual and untrue and you’d like to give me a reason, I do not know what to say. My heart says so and what I did it just telling you what it says†. That was the start of their relationship. When the contract had ended, the boy when home and they met. They build their memories. They talk of the instances and what to do when time comes when the woman’s family will know their relationship. They prepared for it and had agreed that they will put it to end when that happens. Without any delays, after two months of good memories, the woman’s family knew their relationship. The girls tell the boy that the time comes. They knew it was to come but hey had no idea it was that soon. They did not say any words of good bye but their hearts knew what to do. Their heart was crushed down and was torn into pieces. They had nothing to lean on but on each others’ heart. Then that was the start of their nightmare. Their hearts of roses sprout its thorns. Even as they stay as friends, they were covered by clouds. Beautiful scenery, a beautiful flower that was once glow withdrew it lusters. Until now, two years had passed, they still did not move on. Hidden feelings still exist. Despite of the clouds that cover, sunshine rise from a distant as their memories reveal their future. Language differs from place to place. Even so, all people have their common interpretation of a word. In critical thinking, language plays a vital role. This will serve a medium to what words to say. The language serves as a tool to be used for a meaning to be imparted. In critical thinking, one must consider of the words to say in which the receiver of the message will fully understand the meaning of the words. For instance that the transmitter and the receiver differs in language and has no common words for it to be understand, the transmitter must consider to think of a gesture or action to communicate exactly the meaning. Thus the language serves as a limiting reagent in critical thinking, not on the aspect of ideas but on the aspect of the ways to communicate. On the other hand, language does limit the expression of our thoughts. When the transmitter will use only pure words to express his thoughts, the language thus limits his expression; when this happen, a different interpretation might occur. A transmitter of the message should consider communicating on the different level of communication where not only words are used to express the thoughts but the use of the body language itself. Even simple eye-to-eye contact will do. This is a big help in expressing ones thoughts or ideas. In persuasion, critical thinking will really help the receiver of the message to be persuaded. A person who thinks critically will be able to choose right words to say that will make the receiver understand his side. Also, in thinking critically, the person will not only consider the good sides but gives a hint on the bad side. In this manner the receiver will not feel bias on the statement. More of it, the transmitter or the persuader will give the good side on the situation. Also, in critical thinking, the persuader will consider the uniqueness of the person he is dealing with. He will choose of the common ground to feel the empathy of his statements. In this manner, the receiver will feel that the person he is dealing really have a good intention for that matter. By all means, critical thinking really helps in persuading a person or delivering ones idea. Work cited: Language (2007). Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 4, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language

Effects of discrimination Essay

Discrimination against children may have a great impact on their self-esteem and self-worth. They may find life very lonely and develop trust issues; this could affect the child throughout their whole life. A child with low self-esteem will often give up on a task earlier than other children or may not want to participate at all because they fear that they won’t be able to achieve it. There are four types of discrimination, these are; Direct: this is where a person is told they are unable to do something because of their colour, race, religion or sex. Indirect: this would be excluding people from taking part by making rules or practices that affect them negatively for example displaying pictures which only include white children and not multicultural children. Institutional: occurs when the policies, systems and procedures in a setting discriminate against a group or groups of people. This happens because the systems and processes were designed without taking into account the diverse needs of groups within the community in relation to their race, disability or gender resulting in some children being treated differently. Individual: where one person views lead to the unfair treatment of another person. Children can be discriminated against because of racism and cultural differences, their gender, abilities or the way they look, for example my child has Nystagmus which is an involuntary eye movement so when he is trying to focus on things his eyes move from side to side, so when he goes to school he may be discriminated against because he maybe need special equipment to help him in his learning so he can achieve everything possible. Parents can be discriminated against because of their age, lifestyles, parent values, education or income, for example they may not look as wealthy as some of the other parents but this doesn’t mean they are any less educated or any less of a good parent. ensure settings are welcoming, non-threatening and fun places to be, where children and their families are valued because of their differences. Stereotyping and discriminating can lead to bullying from a young age that children can then carry on into adulthood. There are many ways in which people could be stereotyped, some of these can include stereotyping against boys and girls, girls are not good at sports; boys shouldn’t play with dolls or dress up. Cultures all Arabs and Muslims are terrorists, all white Americans are obese, lazy and dim witted. Groups of individuals Goths wear black clothes, black makeup, are depressed and hated by society, girls are only concerned about physical appearance, and all blondes are unintelligent. In the Oxford dictionary it stated that the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex:victims of racial discrimination. This quote is from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/discrimination 20th September 2013 Anti-discriminatory means action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender or disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the setting As an early years practitioner it is our responsibility to support children to develop ideas of equality, in doing this the children will grow up less likely to be prejudice. Children are not born with these attitudes they learn from adults. You should show positive role models by having books/posters/toys which show different ethnic persuasion/religions/people and books and male and females in equal roles (i.e male nurse/female nurse. Male builder/female builder. Black policeman/white policeman. Disabled teacher/non-disabled teacher Each child is an individual and has different needs but should all be treated equally by making sure that all children are included in activities for example making Christmas cards, if a parents wishes were that their child doesn’t celebrate other religions you must accept their decision and should adapt the activity so that the child can join in, so you could suggest that the child creates a winter scene or snowman card so that they still feel included, valued and have a positive sense of identity. Parents should be made aware of who is who and each staff members job role, a noticeboard with a photo of each member of staff, and their job description would be a good way for parents to become familiar with members of staff. Each child should be assigned a keyworker; parents should be made aware of who their child’s keyworker is, as this is the person the parent would liais e with regarding their child. If their child has any special requirements for example diet requirements, medical needs or any other relevant information in which the setting may need to be made aware of then the keyworker is the person that should be informed of this important information. The keyworker is also the person responsible for monitoring the child’s development and activities the child has participated in. Parents should be invited to support their child by attending parent’s evenings this will enable parents and keyworkers to discuss the child’s learning and development in more detail and for either party to voice any concerns they may be having regarding the child. Another way to involve the parents would be to hold school events, assemblies and sports events.

Strategy plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategy plan - Essay Example Rise Art is created by two close friends and it is inspired by the desire of art and knowledge. Rise Art assists artists to support and expand their functions in creative aspects. The organisation provides an online platform which can simplify the discovery of art to be easy and enjoyable. The art works which are traded by Rise Art are handmade and developed by the team. The organisation performs in conjecture with graduate degree programs in universities, schools, colleges, art galleries and museums in order to provide the customers with an access to incredible level of art (Rise Art Ltd, 2013). Research and Situation Creative industry plays a vital part in the growth of economy. It drives innovation, sustainability and prosperity of a nation. This creativity arrives from several sources namely arts, design, fashion, music and dance among others. The worth of creative industry is not purely practical in nature rather it communicates cultural value and social position of a nation. Si nce different people possess diverse imaginations and gifts, their creations are believed to have certain sensitive value. In the 21st century, these creativities such as designing, decorating or painting started to intertwine together with a range of modern business activities (Crown, 2011). In the UK, creative industry has contributed about ?36.3 billion Gross Value Added (GVA), signifying about 2.89% of total GVA in the year 2009. Among different segments of creative industry, publishing, advertising and television & radio provided the most support to the GVA of the UK. The creative industry also exported different services worth ?8.9 billion in 2009. This figure signifies the implication of creative industry in the UK (Crown, 2011). In the year 2011, there were about 106,700 creative organisations representing 5.1% of entire UK’s organisations. From 2009 to 2011, small growth was observed in the number of creative enterprises. Among other segments, music, visual and arts segments have replicated the utmost number of organisations in creative industry i.e. 1.5% of entire UK’s organisations. Apart from this, advertising, architecture, design and film organisations also represent considerable number of organisations in the UK (Crown, 2011). SWOT Analysis Before developing any communication strategy, it is essential to understand the key strengths and weaknesses of an organisation. Following is the SWOT analysis of Rise Art which would be helpful for developing communication strategy. Strengths Weaknesses Strong market of art Niche customer segment Online interactions Alignment with campuses, art galleries and museums Limited opportunity to make revenue Weak presence in online media Low brand reputation Opportunities Threats Involve the young consumer segment Drive promotional campaign to enhance fan and supporter base Use different public relations (PR) techniques to enhance brand image Competition from other art organisations Evolution in art c an generate confusion for requisite spread of messages Economic condition can reduce the spending of customers of art related products Goals and Objectives The key objectives of the communication plan are: To develop strategies for introducing Rise Art as one of the leading art organisations in creative industry of the UK To drive more traffic to the website developed by Rise Art by involving young customer segment To successfully implement PR strategy in order to enhance brand

Unfair Terms in a Contract Act 1977 and Regulations Essay

Unfair Terms in a Contract Act 1977 and Regulations - Essay Example The protection has been increased by the Unfair Terms in a Consumer Contract Regulations 1999 (UTCCR). These regulations have strengthened the net of consumer protection by incorporating unfair terms. The essay will provide a brief over the look of the two pieces of legislation and go into detail of the protection that they both provide. It will then explain the need for the double requirement and finally, conclude with the proposal for the future. The introduction of UCTA introduced a significant addition to the mechanism for the governing of exemption clauses (Poole, 2008, 281). Provision for the controlling of exemption clauses was originally only through an implied term under the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 (now s.55 Sale of Goods Act 1979). UCTA now incorporates more extensive controls to a wide array of contract varieties and allows the court for the first time to have a general and direct means of control over exemption clauses (Poole, 2008, 281). The main advanta ge of the act is the power to render exemption clauses either totally unenforceable or unenforceable unless shown to be reasonable. UTCCR have added to the powers of UCTA. The regulations provide that ‘unfair terms’ in a contract concluded between a ‘seller or supplier’ and a ‘consumer’ will not be binding on the consumer (Poole, 2008, 282). This means that the regulations will only be binding in the context of ‘consumer contracts’, but is not restrained by exemption clause but extends to unfair terms. A popular misconception is that UCTA applies to all exemption clauses, this is not the case. UCTA only applies to business liability, the liability covers breaches of obligations or duties arising from 1) things done or to be done by a person in the course of a business, or 2) from the occupation of premises used for the business purposes of the occupier (s.1(3) UCTA) (Koffman and Macdonald, 2007, 211).

Loving Through Understanding and Finding Peace in Peace, Love & Essay

Loving Through Understanding and Finding Peace in Peace, Love & Misunderstanding - Essay Example Diane brings her children, Zoe (Elizabeth Olsen) and Jake (Nat Wolff) with her. Diane surprises her mother, whom she has alienated for twenty years. What is supposed to be a weekend, where Diane only wanted space from her husband and their divorce, became a full week of awakening for all characters. Diane resolves her conflicts her with her children, her mother, and with herself, by understanding that they are all human beings, and by accepting that they all have weaknesses, she can stop judging them and herself and begin loving with peace. Diane is detached from her children, which creates a barrier between them because she misunderstands their maturity and needs. When she brings them to her mother’s house, her children are asking about the reasons. Jake even jokes that their grandmother is dead since they have not seen her since birth and suddenly they have to meet her. Diane finally drops the bad news that she and Mark are having a divorce. Zoe wants to talk about it, but D iane does not say anything anymore. When Zoe asks, â€Å"Are we going to talk about this,† Diane does not answer and prepares to go in the house. With her back on Zoe, the scene indicates detachment from her children’s concerns. Instead of being open to her children, Diane creates a wall between them without even being aware of it. As a result, Zoe and Jake hardly understand what their mother is going through because they do not even know who she is. The conflict between Diane and her kids arises from her treatment of them as children, instead of as adolescents who are already mature enough to know the truth and to know how to cope with their family issues. The irony is that she is doing to her kids, what her mother did to her- to separate herself from her children because of the feeling that they cannot understand their parent’s concerns and needs.  

The growth of anti-capitalism in the world Research Paper

The growth of anti-capitalism in the world - Research Paper Example nti-capitalism are differentiated in countries worldwide, as explained below, it is necessary for the relevant plans to be appropriately aligned with the local culture and rules. 2. Anti-capitalism in the international community 2.1 The context of anti-capitalism Anti-capitalism is a movement trying to confront the development of capitalism, as the specific concept was described by theorists and economists worldwide. In this way, in order to identify the elements of anti-capitalism, it would be necessary to understand the characteristics and the role of capitalism. In accordance with Fabra (1993) capitalism can be defined as ‘the system enabling man to regain the full value of the product of his labor’ (Fabra 1993, 139); the above explanation is based on the terms that capital is considered as ‘the accumulated product of labor’ (Fabra 1993, 140). As explained above, capitalism leads to a series of practices for accumulating the wealth – the one spent for acquiring the product. However, the practical implications of this process are many. For this reason, capitalism has been negatively criticized, as of its involvement in the development of social inequalities. This fact is made clear in the theory of Marx, who supported that as capitalism grows, the purchasing power of laborers is reduced (Fabra 1993, 23); the increase of unemployment is, in accordance with Marx, another implication of capitalism which, in any case, is considered as quite difficult to be controlled. Currently, it seems that the above efforts towards the limitation of capitalism have been fully justified. The high increase of the power of multinational corporations has led to their independency towards the governments; in this way, the rules of trade internationally have been negatively...Anti-capitalism is a movement trying to confront the development of capitalism, as the specific concept was described by theorists and economists worldwide. In this way, in orde r to identify the elements of anti-capitalism, it would be necessary to understand the characteristics and the role of capitalism. In accordance with Fabra (1993) capitalism can be defined as ‘the system enabling man to regain the full value of the product of his labor’ (Fabra 1993, 139); the above explanation is based on the terms that capital is considered as ‘the accumulated product of labor’ (Fabra 1993, 140). As explained above, capitalism leads to a series of practices for accumulating the wealth – the one spent for acquiring the product. However, the practical implications of this process are many. For this reason, capitalism has been negatively criticized, as of its involvement in the development of social inequalities. This fact is made clear in the theory of Marx, who supported that as capitalism grows, the purchasing power of laborers is reduced (Fabra 1993, 23); the increase of unemployment is, in accordance with Marx, another implication of capitalism which, in any case, is considered as quite difficult to be controlled. Currently, it seems that the above efforts towards the limitation of capitalism have been fully justified. The high increase of the power of multinational corporations has led to their independency towards the governments; in this way, the rules of trade internationally have been negatively affected and competition, inevitably, has been harmed.

Namesake Directed by Mira Nair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Namesake Directed by Mira Nair - Essay Example Nikhil’s wedding plan makes a very compelling effort to show that they are Bengali, this vacation perhaps more than anything shows that while in the name they might be Bengali, their cultural and societal roots are fairly far from it. Paris is also significant for Moushumi, and it is more of a home for her. When Moushumi tells Nikhil the story behind her devastating break-up with Graham whom she loved passionately it causes a lot of insecurity to Nikhil.   She used to live in Paris and admits that if it weren't for Graham she would have never left. So not only is Paris not home to Nikhil but a place he cannot possibly like. This actually becomes even truer, later when Moushumi has an affair with somebody she met in Paris. When Nikhil later states that â€Å"his time with Moushumi seems like a permanent part of him that no longer has any relevance or currency. As if that time were a name had ceased to use" it is something which started here in Paris. However to blame Paris f or what becomes of Nikhil and Moushumi would be like trying to blame the stove for starting a fire. The stove was always there. Nikhil and Moushumi were always the people they were supposed to be. When Nikil’s mom could not understand, though she resigned herself too, later why Moushumi and Nikhil could not try and make this work like any Indian couple, she did not understand that neither of them was Indian, perhaps they were not completely American, but they had their own set of values. Nikhil is in Paris, the home of the people with liberated thinking, and in many ways, he thinks that he has a very liberated view too. But in many ways, he finds out that he is not â€Å"free† as long as he continues to divorce himself from his parents’ existence.   It is interesting because, here Nikhil is finding out, though not yet acknowledging to himself what his mother found out a long time back. For being a foreigner is a constant burden, a continuous feeling out of sor ts.

Business arguments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business arguments - Research Paper Example Carbaugh (2004) understands that environmentalists put forward three key claims to support and rationalize their point of view. According to Carbaugh (2004) these assertions state that: The liberalization of trade is responsible for initiating the â€Å"race to the bottom† with respect to environmental standards. Trade liberalization poses a conflict with the morally acceptable environmental laws, standards, rules and policies that should be imposed and regulated across the globe. The liberalization of trade also leads to the production and subsequent trade of products that are responsible for contributing towards overall pollution rates across the globe, these locations are also referred to as â€Å"pollution havens†. Responding to the environmentalists’ arguments regarding the adverse effects of trade liberalization on the environment are the proponents of the notion, who claim that regulations such as the â€Å"polluter-pays policy† can actually benefit the environment by incentivizing manufacturers and traders to formulate innovative methodologies for managing augmented levels of pollution (Carbuagh, 2004). This perspective highlights the multidimensional nature of the topic at hand because it encompasses a range of opinions, attitudes and judgments with respect to the association that is shared between free trade and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore, discuss and analyze the environmentalists’ assertions regarding the harmful impact of trade liberalization on the environment by assessing the validity of the arguments and counter-arguments that have been put forward by analysts and researchers in relation with the topic. In order to successfully and effectively achieve the objectives of the research, the outline of the paper follows a systematic structure. This structure assists the explanation of recreated arguments and counter-arguments, by highlighting the party that is involved in the issue in addition with the party’s assertion and objective followed by an evaluation of the identified perspectives to conclude whether the contradictory positions that constitute of this discussion can be effectively resolved. The first assertion that is presented by environmentalists outlines the drastic increase in the competitive nature of the business landscape that is prompted by trade liberalization and the elimination of trade barriers. Environmentalists argue that the escalation of these competitive pressures will likely impact existing environmental policies and regulations in an adverse manner thereby, leading to a relaxation in environmental standards that are presently maintained by various countries (Esty, 2001). This argument is essentially rooted in a country’s decision to eliminate increased costs that are incurred by its producers and manufacturers in a bid to develop innovative techniques for reducing pollution levels (Esty, 2001). Esty (2001) c laims that when a nation which regulates high environmental standards wishes to compete with a country that only maintains the minimal level of environmental policies in the international trade arena, the former maybe discouraged to uphold its rigorous environmental regulations due

Critical analysis Coy Mistress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical analysis Coy Mistress - Essay Example While there is an element of truth to this argument, it is also true that poets like John Donne and Andrew Marvell can hardly be limited to these concerns (Donne 98). In Marvell’s poem, â€Å"To his Coy Mistress†, while the narrator constantly objectifies his lover, the poem also offers an insight into the mind of a man and the manner in which he expresses his love. The male narrator talks about the feats that he intends to achieve for the fulfillment of his lust. Characterized by temporal and spatial grandeur, the narrator’s intentions defy logic and human power: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  I would   Love you ten years before the Flood,   And you should, if you please, refuse   Till the conversion of the Jews.   My vegetable love should grow   Vaster than empires, and more slow; (Marvell) These comments made by the narrator makes one wonder whether the narrator’s reasons for wooing the â€Å"lady† (Marvell) are those of love, or lust. Can the two of these emotions co-exist or are they independent of each other, seems to be the question that seems to be foremost on Marvell’s mind. Contemporary psychology seems to say that both cases are possibilities. While love and lust are emotions that may find expression together, the possibility of them existing separately are also equally true (Barry). In the poetry of Marvell, both these possibilities are accommodated. The speaker in the poem, while talking about the eternal love that he bears for the lady that he talks of, also reminds her of the immediacy of his needs. Marvell’s poetry sees an integration of the emotions of love and lust through the integration of the motifs of eternal love and â€Å"carpe diem†- these words of Horace are usually translated as â€Å"seize the day†(). The character in the poem attempts to convince the lady to enter into a sexual union with him; at the same time by referring to her worthiness to be loved for eternity he also seems to be making a reference to the truth of his love. However, it would not be wrong for one to conclude that the foremost concern of the narrator of the poem seems to be to trick the woman that he is talking about, so as to fulfill his sexual desire. This satiation, which is at the top of the man’s list of priorities, can be seen in the latter half of the poem, where he talks of the worms that would invade the â€Å"long preserved virginity† of the woman, even if she were to guard it religiously, in a desperate attempt to persuade her of the futility of her holiness and chastity. This gets reflected in the impatient images that are used to represent the love of the lover. A psychoanalytic reading of the poem would make it clear how words such as â€Å"amorous birds of prey† figure in the course of things in Marvell’s poem. This would be a representation of the speaker’s state of mind through which his desire to figuratively devour his lover is shown. This is very much a representation of the carnal male desire towards his lover that the speaker lets slip. Throughout this poem, during which the speaker tries to persuade his lover to enter into a sexual union with him, he plays on the aspirations that characterize women and what they desire of a partner. This, psychologists argue is a result of an inbuilt defense mechanism that helps women target those males that they feel are likely to help them raise their children and not just enter into a relationship for the

Economics of Education Essay Example for Free

Economics of Education Essay This project, critically reviews the sources of revenue at Kinondoni Municipal along with the budgetary allocation to secondary educational sector. It provides the major sources of revenue which include Central Government revenue, Basket fund (Donors) and Local government revenue which constitute revenue from city service levy, property tax, advertising and bill boarding fees, compensation revenue, and cost sharing. It identifies that education is the priorities to which the council does consider much in allocating their funds. The project reveals the background on the system of financing education as an essential and critical kind of investment in developing countries particularly Tanzania. It has shown its significances with respect to running the system (government) in general. The significances give the stand to which the Government should take into consideration on allocating funds in secondary educational department. More over the project has identified the objectives for analyzing the sources of revenue and educational budgetary allocation. These objectives have been stated in such a way that, it shows the directory as guidelines for reaching targeted goal(s) for sustainable development. Nevertheless, case study method and documentary review as well as interview techniques were employed. The data have been analyzed using tables and figures. 1.0. Introduction and Background. Kinondoni Municipal is located in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania. It is bordered by Indian Ocean to North East, Ilala Municipal to the South, Bagamoyo District to the North, Kibaha District to the West and Kisarawe District to the South West. The Municipal has number of matters and services to be done/ provided to the community. Among others being education, health services, road construction and maintenances, water services, urban agriculture, power and energy supply and others of alike. All these services need money to run in effective way so that, the community members could appreciate the concern of the government for their well-being. The Municipal has vision and Mission which the study was interested with, to check out whether are just worded or are real in practical terms. The study eyed particularly to its Mission statement â€Å"Provision of quality services to the community through effective and efficient use of resources, capacity building, good governance and rule of law hence improve the living standard of people†. The project (study) was done at this Municipal to identify the sources of revenue for the Municipal to curter and serve the community effectively and efficiently. Another purpose was to check out, how the Municipal allocate its funds (Revenue) to secondary educational sector. A source of revenue is a critical problem in running several activities to an individual, family, community and national level respectively. Moreover, despite the scarcity of fund (resources) in servicing the community, there is a problem on proper plans and allocating the present resources in optimal manner. Thus, the wise decisions on how to use the present resources in its scarcity is very important particularly for developing countries like Tanzania. Another aspect towards this study (project) was to determine the way the sources of revenue are collected. On this activity, it is the point at which monitoring of revenue collection should be taken into consideration for effective performance. Furthermore, this exercise needs humanitarian aspiration than personal essence so that, the fruits will be for the community as large. There are two significances of doing this project. First was to determine the sources of revenue to the Municipal in order to understand the position of Municipal and the Government in general in its strengths and weaknesses so as to address recommendations to be taken for better performance in future. Second was to assess the allocation of the funds in secondary educational sector. From this, allocation of fund will realize the choices for most of the councils in Tanzania and the way investment aspects are taken into account especially educational investment, hence improvements to be made in a long run. The objectives of this project were as follows i) To determine the sources of revenue for Kinondoni Municipal. ii) To assess the budget allocation to Secondary educational sector in Kinondoni Municipal. The project presents various literature reviews in respective to the study (project). The literature review is mostly on sources of revenue, financing systems, administration, roles of the state and recommended suggestions. Galabawa (1985, p. 1) claimed that, â€Å"Tanzania’s plan for extending educational opportunities and improving the quality of education are often hampered by the limited resources to educational industry†. This realizes that, the problem resources in provision of education in Tanzania is a problem that exists and needs a solution on how to go about in order to reduce the burden from the government to ensure more educational opportunities and improve the quality of education. More emphasis on quality of education has been described by Michaelowa. The author tried to identify the areas which need to be checked to ensure that are taken into considerations for the consequences in anyhow. The author argued that, â€Å"The number of days teachers are absent from school (ABSENCE), and teachers’ self reported job satisfaction (MOTIVATION) have significant coefficients of the expected negative and positive sign respectively† (Michaelowa, 2001, p. 1707). If the education industry is running short of resources to improve access and quality of education, and if the responsible persons needs to be motivated for effective teaching, means this industry need to be financed. The financing can be determined by number of factors as quoted from the article that, â€Å"The policies of financing education in any country reflect the country’s ideology. Although Tanzania’s education policies emphasized quality of opportunity and access, they also vary from environment prevailing at specific time† (Galabawa, 1994, p. 37) This literature review has contributed much on this project since objectives stated can be revealed particularly on sources of revenue. According to Galabawa (2007, p. 3), There are various sources of education revenue. These sources can be divided into four broad categories: Fiscal sources; ser charges including various forms of cost recovery and cost sharing; student loan when constituted as a revolving fund which generates income out of which loans are offered to students and various forms of community contributions. The fiscal sources include general taxes; earmarked taxes; taxes on With regards to education as an investment, and sources of educational revenue, the government has to play its role for sustainable development Galabawa (2007, p. 2) portrayed that, â€Å"The price of education can, therefore be influenced by the government decision which impinge on issues of supply of education services; the allocation and distribution of resources between different levels or different courses; the choice between different methods of financing education and student support or even between different methods of schooling†. Therefore, this clarifies the position of the Government in provision of education in the country to assure access and proper allocation of funds in different sectors. Property; salaries and sales; and different types of levies. For all matters being discussed concerning sources of revenue, educational revenue, budgetary allocation and the role of the government on educational investments and other sector, to have sustainable implementation of plans and to build capacity on fund management, accountability, effective audit and formula funding to generate consistent and reliable disbursements† should be taken into consideration for sustainable development. Besides literature review, case study was employed during the project. The study was done in Kinondoni Municipal. Therefore purposeful sampling technique was used. The project had two variables namely, dependent variable which is budget allocation, and independent variable which is source of revenue. With these variables the hypotheses of this project were as follows; (i) There is a significant relationship between sources of revenue and budget allocation in secondary educational sector (Alternative hypothesis). (ii) There are no basic criteria guiding for sources of revenue and budget allocation in secondary educational sector (Null hypothesis). Field visit, discussion and interview. The list of tools used to collect information and guide the field interview and discussion were documentary review and Interview. The targeted personnel were Municipal economist and district secondary educational officer; these were obtained using purposeful sampling in order to get correct information. The documentary review involved reviewing various documents concerning sources of revenue and general allocation (budget) of the fund to secondary educational sector. Also an interview was conducted in brief way with the Municipal economist and district secondary educational officer. The interview was basically on the way they get fund for running the Municipal to curter and serve the community. Moreover, the questions on what are the major criteria for allocating the fund and challenges they face on all matters concerning sources of revenue and allocation of fund in general were asked.

Compare and Contrast Call of the Wild Essay Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Call of the Wild Essay Essay Jaguars are the largest of South Americas big cats. They once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the U.S.-Mexico border. Today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of South and Central America—particularly in the Amazon basin. These beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient Native American cultures. In some traditions the Jaguar God of the Night was the formidable lord of the underworld. The name jaguar is derived from the Native American word yaguar, which means he who kills with one leap. Unlike many other cats, jaguars do not avoid water; in fact, they are quite good swimmers. Rivers provide prey in the form of fish, turtles, or caimans—small, alligator like animals. Jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer, peccaries, capybaras, and tapirs. They sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush, killing their prey with one powerful bite. Most jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots, dubbed rosettes because they are shaped like roses. Some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless, though their markings can be seen on closer inspection. Jaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees. Females have litters of one to four cubs, which are blind and helpless at birth. The mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach—even their own father. Young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more. Jaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur. Ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock.

The Death Penalty Pros And Cons Philosophy Essay

The Death Penalty Pros And Cons Philosophy Essay Death penalty has been a topic of concern throughout the world by large. Different countries and different societal communities have reservations or have believed that death penalty is just (acceptable). Many authors have published books on the debate on death penalty in the light of law and order. Death penalty which is often hailed as Capital Punishment, is a thought-out and designed execution of human life by government in reaction to a crime done by that convict. There has been an ongoing argument debating this matter, such as Amnesty International considers that The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state in the name of justice. It violates the right to life; it is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. There can never be any justification for torture or for cruel treatment. In an opposing argument to the above statement for death penalty, the Clark County Indiana Prosecuting Attorney says that there are some defendants who have earned the ultimate punishment our society has to offer by committing murder with aggravating circumstances present. I believe life is sacred. It cheapens the life of an innocent murder victim to say that society has no rights to keep the murderer from ever killing again. In my view, society has not only the right, but the duty to act in self defense to protect the innocent. Murdering Myths: the Story behind the Death Penalty a book by Judith W. Kay, focuses on debate that Americans contributes to a counteract-dynamism idea of justice, i.e. punishment corrects bad behavior. Sufferings disburse for wrong actions, and a victims wish for vengeance is quiet understandable and usual. She had an interview with both victims and convict, and she concluded that how this credence harms executors, victims and society and calls for a latest plot that identifies humanity in all of us. The narrative about the bad guys becomes joined with at first reluctantly, and later carelessly, contribution in various disciplinary practices, which together put the carry out of punishment afar balanced debate. Two unremitting deformations in image seem to be made, one by liberals and another by conservatives. Liberals be apt to see offenders as victims of bad society. Vicious persecution certainly is frequently the practice of murder ­ers. Liberals, though, make a mistake in seeing the humanity of the criminal without seeing the enduring effects of such brutalization. Liberals tend to under ­play the murderers resulting in brutal and risky habits, frankly assuming that an better environment will be satisfactory for the murderers rehabili ­tation. Because liberals see the community as at least partially accountable for producing violent criminals, liberals tend to get into the idea that criminals are victims too. Liberals fall short to see the culprits possible cleverness and in ­tegrity as well as his addition to his brutal habits. They go wrong by letting mur ­derers get away with Twinkie defenses, failing to grasp treacherous people guilty for their crimes. Liberals, with their single focal point, are scorned as bleeding hearts and soft on crime. Liberals are blamed of supporting the untimely release of treacherous criminals, turning a blind eye to the pain of vic ­tims and their families. Another mistake is made by conservatives, who lessen the criminals to embodiments of the most terrible things they ever did; misdeeds become uniqueness. Despite of merely disapproving evil behavior, conservatives criticize certain people as basically evil by underplaying the communitys accountability for infusing people with the same disciplinary, revengeful, and brutal motives that force the criminal justice system. Unwilling to name and criticize the dehu ­manizing social experiences that formed a human with the nature to devastate and kill, they blame persons as if their difficulties leaped from nowhere. Conservatives are blamed of being naive, classifying different hu ­mans as either entirely fine or wicked. The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies by Hugo Adam Bedau; is the most detailed book that focuses on the death penalty, discussing its pros and cons which gets a massive attention of the world. Considering this volume, one view can emerge that undeniably, criminals who commit dreadful offenses deserve to be a contender of capital punishment. There should be no disagreement there. In ones observation, child molesters, killers and rapists have lost their lawful right to live in our society. It should be worried that a horrible deed must not be warranted under any situation; if a criminal has had a hard youth, this cannot justify. Let alone give reason for his actions. This is unquestionable, as is renowned, mentally ill are usually cunning, dangerous, scheming, self-absorbed and amiable. Moreover, they are unable to feel guiltiness and regret. Psychoanalysis is effectual in some cases but in most cases it does not work. Disreputable criminals are recognized for their deter ioration into felony upon discharge. Criminals can often mislead their psychiatrists because they are calculative and astute. Consequently, capital punishment is the most positive punishment next to life sentence. Several problems can occur with the capital punishment, such as ethical matters and guiltless lives being put to death, which possibly shouldnt. For instance, there is much more that requires to be completed prior to the preliminary action happens. This explains that there are steps that need to be apparent and proper evident on the suspect in accusation. For that reason, the new expertise that has been offered to people, for instance, DNA test system, a lot of faults must not be made in these critical verdicts. New expertise must be worn as a definite approach that the judgment to capital punishment is correct. Many people think that the capital punishment is honorably incorrect since they believe that only God ought to have the ultimate authority in death penalty. This brings up that the death penalty is only a type of brutal and unusual punishment. Consequently, they consider that the convict must not be penalized with death, still however; the verdicts had no leniency on their victim. For instance, in mid-summer of 1999, Allan Lee Davis was electrocuted in the Florida electric chair. Throughout the moment in time of his execution he undergone a blood loss and snapshots were sent all over the Internet. This illustrated and helped ones against death penalty, proving it to be a form of cruel and unusual punishment. In recent times the Supreme Court has decided to evaluate all electric chairs to observe whether or not it is a type of physical brutality, defacement, and or suffering. At the moment there are continually somewhat a small number of types of urbane forms to execute. There are poisonous injection, electric chair, gas, hanged execution, and gunfire. The majority of people think poisonous injection must be the only type of death penalty. In general, death penalty looks like the single way to guarantee convicts that the justice method is bona fide. This will permit the convicts to see the penalty of ending the lives of innocents. This technique will guarantee that they will not commit murder again. Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment? One can consider the death penalty to be is too harsh in some case; however the U.S. do consent the Capital punishment in various cases. Whether the capital punishment will be obligated is reliant on the state in which one lives, since a large number of convicted cases are tried footed on state bylaws. For some cases so as to make it to the federal level there are unusual examples where the capital punishment can be forced. One of the cases is Daryl Reynard Atkins, who went on track that leads to death pit on the date of August 16, 1996. He and his friend William Jones make off with Eric Nesbitt and robbed him with a semi-automatic pistol. Atkins and Jones took all the cash Nesbitt had on his self, and then drove him off to an automated teller machine (ATM). At the same time as there, they were caught on camera pushing him off to withdraw more cash. Later than receiving the further cash, they drove Nesbitt to a remote locality and murdered him by bursting off eight shots of gunfire on him. Atkins was convicted of abduction, robbery by aimed weapon, and capital kill and was concluded to the judgment of capital punishment. Both Jones and Atkins bear out in the guiltiness phase of the Atkins trial. They each confirmed the event, but varied on whom really shot and murdered Nesbitt. Jones, whose statement was more reasoned and convincing to the panel of judges than the psychologically retarded Atkins, allowed the jury to criminalize Atkins and blame him for the killing. For the duration of the punishment stage of the trial, the state brought in the victim-impact proof and verified two infuriating situations to press on for the capital punishment. The state proved to the board of judges that Atkins posed a future risk for the reason that of his preceding crime convictions. Additionally, the state called four victims of previous robberies and physical attacks to give evidence against Atkins. In addition, the state proved the vileness of the offense by spotting to the films of the deceaseds body and the autopsy report, which were element of the early trial testimony. Dr. Evan Nelson, a forensic psychologist, gave evidence in the punishment phase that based on his assessment of Atkins, he was mildly mentally retarded. He testified that after evaluating Atkins school and court records and additionally administering a typical intelligence test, Atkins had a full scale IQ of 59 and was working anywhere between the ages of 9 and 12. Founded on this testimony, the jury sentenced Atkins to Capital punishment, but the Virginia Supreme Court ordered a subsequent sentencing trial because the trial court used a deceptive judgment form. At the following sentencing trial, the similar forensic psychologist gave evidence, but extra proof was added for the state by specialist observer Dr. Stanton Samenow, who said that Atkins was not mentally retarded, but was of average intelligence, at slightest and diagnosable as having disruptive character disorder. The panel of judges again sentenced Atkins to death. Subsequent to the second sentencing trial, the Virginia Supreme Court confirmed the imposition of the capital punishment. Atkins did not debate facing the Virginia Supreme Court that his sentence was inconsistent to penalties forced for comparable crimes in Virginia, but he did assert he is mentally retarded and thus cannot be sentenced to death. The Virginia Supreme Court refused his petition, saying it was not willing to commute Atkins verdict of death to life sentence simply for the reason that of his IQ score. Two Virginia justices dissented; saying that they casted off Dr. Samenows view that Atkins possesses usual aptitude as incredulous as a matter of law, and accomplished that the imposition of the sentence of death upon a criminal defendant who has the mental age of a child between the ages of 9 and 12 is excessive. In their disagreement, they said it is indefensible to conclude that individuals who are mentally retarded are not to some degree less culpable for their criminal acts. By definition, such individuals have substantial limitations not shared by the general population. A moral and civilized society diminishes itself if its system of justice does not afford recognition and consideration of those limitations in a meaningful way. Whereas in a 1989 trial, Penry v. Lynaugh, the United States Supreme Court did regulated that people with psychological retardation could be penalized to capital punishment, numerous states have in view of the fact that distorted their laws on this matter. The United States Supreme Court decided to take notice of Atkins appeal in 2002 given that of the dramatic change in the situation of state legislatures during the preceding 13 years. Throughout the years, the United States Supreme Court has detained that judging whether penalty is extreme is not based on principles that succeeded when the Bill of Rights was approved, but somewhat by those that at present overcome. Consequently, in influencing whether penalties are cruel and unusual the Supreme Court looks to present day standards placed by current legislatures. In 1989, while the Supreme Court last looked at the matter of ruling mentally retarded people to death penalty, the majority states did permit that. In 2002, when the Supreme Court determined to re-examine the matter, the political winds had distorted and state legislatures were deciding not in favor of the death penalty in cases relating people with mental retardation. So the justices upturned Penry and ruled in favor of Atkins, upturned the Virginia Supreme Court, and remanded the case back to the subordinate courts for more verdicts. The 6 to 3 decision that the capital punishment for Atkins was cruel and unusual punishment, was written by Justice John Paul Stevens, who was coupled by Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Kennedy, OConnor, and Souter. Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote a dissenting view and was joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas. Scalia also wrote a dissenting judgment and was joined by Rehnquist and Thomas. In writing for the Court, Stevens said: Those mentally retarded persons who meet the laws requirements for criminal responsibility should be tried and punished when they commit crimes. Because of their disabilities in areas of reasoning, judgment, and control of their impulses, however, they do not act with the level of moral culpability that characterizes the most serious adult criminal conduct. Moreover, their impairments can jeopardize the reliability and fairness of capital proceedings against mentally retarded defendants. Presumably for these reasons, in the 13 years since we decided Penry v. Lynaugh, (1989), the American public, legislators, scholars, and judges have deliberated over the question whether the death penalty should ever be imposed on a mentally retarded criminal. The consensus reflected in those deliberations informs our answer to the question presented by this case: whether such executions are cruel and unusual punishments prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. In writing his dissent, Chief Justice Rehnquist said: There are strong reasons for limiting our inquiry into what constitutes an evolving standard of decency under the Eighth Amendment to the laws passed by legislatures and the practices of sentencing juries in America. Here, the Court goes beyond these well-established objective indicators of contemporary values. It finds further support to [its] conclusion that a national consensus has developed against imposing the death penalty on all mentally retarded defendants in international opinion, the views of professional and religious organizations, and opinion polls not demonstrated to be reliable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Believing this view to be seriously mistaken, I dissent. Justice Scalia added in his dissent, This newest innovation promises to be more effective than any of the others in turning the process of capital trial into a game. How this competition will be played out will be seen in upcoming capital punishment cases that determine their way to the Supreme Court. Should the Death Penalty exist? At present the argument on the legitimacy of the Capital punishment continues. Current court decisions have ruled that a death sentence for rape and kidnapping as it was excessive for the crime and thus unconstitutional (Everheart v. Georgia 1977). The Court has in addition alleged it was unlawful to put to death the insane (Ford v. Wainright, 1986), however it was lawful to put to death the mentally retarded (Penry v. Lynaugh, 1989) and it is unlawful to put to death an criminal who was 15 or younger when the crime was committed (Thompson v. Oklahoma, 1988), but the Constitution does not bar the capital punishment for 16-year-olds who commit murder (Stanford v. Kentucky, 1989). The court will certainly carry on refining its policy in the upcoming years. Public support for death penalty remains high. A 1994 Gallop poll found that 80% of Americans keep on supporting the death penalty in theory; though that figure had dropped to 62% by 2000 according to a NBC News poll. Justice is not at all times to be unwavering by view census and lawful pattern conversely. Individual have to think that the civil law of men ought to be hindered to a standard exterior of itself in order to decide if it is just or unfair. This is the natural law viewpoint. This viewpoint holds that the natural law is the groundwork of all human law in to the extent that it ordains that man shall survive in society, and society for its foundation requires the survival of an influence, which shall hold the moral power essential to organize the members and direct them to the widespread good. A full argument of the inside and obligations of the natural law is outside of the range of this thesis. On the other hand suffice it to say, according to this viewpoint, that human laws are legal and reasonable only in up to now as they communicate with, and put into effect or supplement the natural law; they are null and void when they conflict with it. The natural law is distinct as mans contribution in the heavenly law thru the light of natural reason. This means, certainly, that human law is resulting from an accepting of God. A dialogue of the novel understanding of separation of church and state that has evolved in the United States and somewhere else in the West more than the past 40 years is also exterior of the capacity of this thesis. As a reality of history the Western legal tradition is derived from Christian beliefs. The mass of theological conjecture is derived from the Catholic belief. Catholic religion and social philosophy rests on a chord of authority: 1) Sacred Scripture the canonical books of the Old and New Testaments 2) Sacred Tradition that which is always been taught and held to be factual whether on paper or unwritten 3) The Magisterium the teaching office the Church which consists of all the Bishops in the world in unity with the Pope in Rome. It is the Magisterium that is approved to understand Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition, also called the Deposit of Faith, to address contemporary questions. The huge bulk of theological conjecture on the topic of capital punishment remains in the monarchy of confidentially held opinions which may be held or unnoticed according to the sense of right and wrong of the individual. Canon law forbids clergy to shed human blood and consequently the Church does not and has never carried out capital punishment. on the other hand, it has long been held that the state may utilize capital punishment. In the middle ages the Church was asked to occupy her know-how adjudicating crimes such as dissent and profanity. In these cases it was the only apprehension of the inquisitional body to decide the legitimacy of the offense charged, not to resolve or carry out the suitable punishment. The association among the modern Catholic Church and liberal democratic states is not as close as in the earlier period. The Church seeks to educate the faithful and to give confidence to them to contribute in the supporting life of the secular state. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, published in 1997, in paragraph 2267 states: Assuming that the guilty partys identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect peoples safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person. Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity are very rare, if not practically non-existent. This is in fact a slight reformulation of the customary teaching; in this declaration it would appear that the lone explanation for capital punishment is explicit avoidance i.e. to get rid of the likelihood that a murderer will murder yet again. Preceding catechetical credentials such as the Baltimore Catechism, published in 1898 or the Roman Catechism published in 1566 make no bring up of capital punishment. Conventional Catholics are more liable to refer to the past writings of diverse theologians and Doctors of the Church which are constantly more constructive towards the utilizing of capital punishment. Avery Cardinal Dulles writing for the traditional Catholic periodical First Things summarized the whole of Catholic teaching on capital punishment in 10 points. 1) The purpose of punishment in secular courts is fourfold: the rehabilitation of the criminal, the protection of society from the criminal, the deterrence of other potential criminals, and retributive justice. 2) Just retribution, which seeks to establish the right order of things, should not be confused with vindictiveness, which is reprehensible. 3) Punishment may and should be administered with respect and love for the person punished. 4) The person who does evil may deserve death. According to the biblical accounts, God sometimes administers the penalty himself and sometimes directs others to do so. 5) Individuals and private groups may not take it upon themselves to inflict death as a penalty. 6) The State has the right, in principle, to inflict capital punishment in cases where there is no doubt about the gravity of the offense and the guilt of the accused. 7) The death penalty should not be imposed if the purposes of punishment can be equally well or better achieved by bloodless means, such as imprisonment. 8) The sentence of death may be improper if it has serious negative effects on society, such as miscarriages of justice, the increase of vindictiveness, or disrespect for the value of innocent human life. 9) Persons who specially represent the Church, such as clergy and religious, in view of their specific vocation, should abstain from pronouncing or executing the sentence of death. 10) Catholics, in seeking to form their judgment as to whether the death penalty is to be supported as a general policy, or in a given situation, should be attentive to the guidance of the pope and the bishops. Current Catholic teaching should be understood, as I have sought to understand it, in continuity with Scripture and tradition. In this observation the condition which is agreed upon its authority by God acts His agent and consequently possesses the authority to perform justice. In this thesis to address these following questions are chosen to be addressed concerning Death Penalty: 1) Is the capital punishment in itself neutrally morally wrong? 2) Does the state own the authority to make use of capital punishment? The answers to these questions can be: 1) No, Death penalty is not in itself morally wrong and is actually required to display the essential value of human life. 2) Yes, the state as a mediator of divine authority does own the authority to govern capital punishment for certain crimes. Certain questions arent addressed resulting from a useful viewpoint such as does the nuisance of the death penalty have a common prevention value. It could not be believed that issues suitably addressed from a practical viewpoint. The American justice structure frequently appears to function completely from this utilitarian perspective; this reflects the deep pressure of Jeremy Bentham who called death penalty useless annihilation. Agnostic utilitarian viewpoint regards death as the ultimate evil as a substitute of a stage on the way to eternal life. It can be agreed with Avery Cardinal Dulles when he states that While this change [the abolition of the death penalty in Europe] may be viewed as moral progress, it is probably due, in part, to the evaporation of the sense of sin, guilt, and retributive justice, all of which are essential to biblical religion and Catholic faith. The abolition of the death penalty in formerly Christian countries may owe more to secular humanism than to de eper penetration into the gospel. Work Cited Murdering Myths: The Story Behind the Death Penalty; by Judith W. Kay. The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies; by Hugo Adam Bedau. ISBN: 9780195122862. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA. The Complete Idiots Guide to The Supreme Court; by Lita Epstein, J.D. Ultimate Punishment: A Lawyers Reflections on Dealing with the Death Penalty; by attorney and author Scott Turow. Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment?; Edited by Hugo Bedau and Paul Cassel. Tears from Heaven: Voices from Hell; by Diane Robertson. ISBN: 9780595215720 Espy, M. Watt, and John Ortiz Smykla (2002) Executions in the United States, 1608-1987: The ESPY File, (online), 7/31/05. http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution.html Smith, Sharon C. (1999). Capital Punishment in the United States. (Online), 7/31/05. http://www.closeup.org/punish.html Quixote Center (N.D.). Equal Justice USA (Online), 7/31/05 http://www.quixote.org/ej/states/maryland/2003_bill_dies.html Aquinas, St. Thomas Summa Theologica II, Q) 95, a) 2 (online). Catholic Encyclopedia , 7/31/05. http://www.newadvent.org/summa/209502.html Aquinas, St. Thomas Summa Theologica II, Q) 91, a) 2 (online). Catholic Encyclopedia , 7/31/05. http://www.newadvent.org/summa/209102.htm Catechism of the Catholic Church (online), 7/31/05. http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/2267.htm United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (ND). USCCB Statement, 1980. (online) 7/31/05 http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/national/criminal/death/uscc80.htm Dulles, Avery (April 2001) Catholicism and Capital Punishment (online), 7/31/05. First Things 112: 30-35 http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0104/articles/dulles.html Scalia, Antonin (May 2002). Gods Justice and Ours (online), 7/31/05 First Things 123:17-21. http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0205/articles/scalia.html Kant, Immanuel (1965) The Metaphysical Elements of Justice New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co. Inc. Demetrius B. Zema Gerald G. Walsh trans., (1950).Augustine, The City of God Book I, ch. 21, reprinted in 8 The Fathers of the Church 17, 53 URL Citations http://www.infoplease.com/cig/supreme-court/death-penalty-cruel-unusual-punishment.html http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Death_penalty http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905684-2,00.html http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/books-death-penalty-critiques

Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays

Eve and the Apple   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one completely understands the ways of God. Many of us can come up with our own opinions, and justify his ways in our own minds, just as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Just as Adam and Eve, we all are gifted with free will and the responsibility of making important decisions and choices in our life, which will determine our future. But we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this free will be to us if we did not know good from evil? When Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two different voices telling her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any fruit from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden except for the tree that contains the knowledge of good and evil. Satan (disguised as a serpent) told Eve that she would not die from eating that fruit, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both good and evil. But at the time Eve made her decision, she did not have the knowledge of good and evil. Eve did not know the serpent could be Satan incarnate, nor did she know that her desire to become a goddess would be a sin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason Eve eats the apple is because she wants to become a Goddess. The serpent said that he was a beast and after eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil he became more human like. Eve was enticed by the words of the serpent who said that "If the fruit makes a serpent like a man, it should make men like gods." (Line 710: "That ye should be as Gods, since I as man, Internal Man, is but proportion meet; I, of brute, human; ye, of human, Gods.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other arguments that the serpent used to manipulate Eve included; 1,) You shall not die, look at me, I have touched and tasted and I have not died. 2,) Should man not be allowed a fruit that a beast has? 3,) How can God's tree give knowledge out against his will, if he already knows all?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eve also states that by God forbidding the fruit he made it more desirable. While contemplating whether or not to eat the fruit, Eve wonders, why the beast did not die after eating the fruit? Why should such intellectual food be reserved for beasts? But her main reason for eating their fruit is to acquire greater power, to become a "goddess". She tells Adam that "it was a Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays Eve and the Apple   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one completely understands the ways of God. Many of us can come up with our own opinions, and justify his ways in our own minds, just as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Just as Adam and Eve, we all are gifted with free will and the responsibility of making important decisions and choices in our life, which will determine our future. But we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this free will be to us if we did not know good from evil? When Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two different voices telling her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any fruit from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden except for the tree that contains the knowledge of good and evil. Satan (disguised as a serpent) told Eve that she would not die from eating that fruit, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both good and evil. But at the time Eve made her decision, she did not have the knowledge of good and evil. Eve did not know the serpent could be Satan incarnate, nor did she know that her desire to become a goddess would be a sin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason Eve eats the apple is because she wants to become a Goddess. The serpent said that he was a beast and after eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil he became more human like. Eve was enticed by the words of the serpent who said that "If the fruit makes a serpent like a man, it should make men like gods." (Line 710: "That ye should be as Gods, since I as man, Internal Man, is but proportion meet; I, of brute, human; ye, of human, Gods.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other arguments that the serpent used to manipulate Eve included; 1,) You shall not die, look at me, I have touched and tasted and I have not died. 2,) Should man not be allowed a fruit that a beast has? 3,) How can God's tree give knowledge out against his will, if he already knows all?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eve also states that by God forbidding the fruit he made it more desirable. While contemplating whether or not to eat the fruit, Eve wonders, why the beast did not die after eating the fruit? Why should such intellectual food be reserved for beasts? But her main reason for eating their fruit is to acquire greater power, to become a "goddess". She tells Adam that "it was a

America Needs to Use Less Chemicals :: Farming Agriculture Environmental Essays

America Needs to Use Less Chemicals How would you like going to the grocery store and finding out that prices on your regular food items have increased sharply? How would society react to a giant inflation on goods that are needed most? Would poverty and starvation increase with such inflation? These are all questions that would have to be answered if farm chemicals were to be banned throughout the world. Banning farm chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides, would in turn lower the yields farmers would receive from their crops. It would also increase the demand for food, along with the price the consumer would have to pay. But, are there alternative ways of controlling weeds and insects, using a more natural way society will find more acceptable? This debate has been growing more and more each year, but no answer has availed itself. When farmers and society cooperate, education and limits can help slow down pollution and still keep yields to a maximum. Under the current circumstances, farm chemicals are needed for both the farmer and society. With education, chemicals can be used efficiently by everyone. In the debate over chemicals, many people in society believe that more organic fertilizers and weed killers should be used to eliminate pollution due to chemicals. This is a great hypothesis, but when you examine the problem this is nearly impossible. Manure is just one of the examples on how the pollution of fertilizers and weed killers could be reduced. Manure is an organic substance that can substitute many other forms of fertilizers. In reality, it would be impossible to cover every acre of farm ground with manure. Society today is led to believe that manure is safe for water and is free of pollution when actually it is not. Manure potentially carries many funguses and bacteria that can pollute our water supply. Recently it was discovered that a natural fertilizer has the potential of killing many types of noxious weeds. Nick Christians, an Iowa State University researcher, has discovered corn gluten to be the first "natural" weed killer and fertilizer. Corn gluten is a protein s ubstance extracted from corn during processing. Researchers have found that the corn gluten extract has the potential to interfere with germination in crabgrass and other noxious weeds. On the other hand, "the natural corn byproduct is less effective and more expensive than synthetic weed killers," noted Christians (28). America Needs to Use Less Chemicals :: Farming Agriculture Environmental Essays America Needs to Use Less Chemicals How would you like going to the grocery store and finding out that prices on your regular food items have increased sharply? How would society react to a giant inflation on goods that are needed most? Would poverty and starvation increase with such inflation? These are all questions that would have to be answered if farm chemicals were to be banned throughout the world. Banning farm chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides, would in turn lower the yields farmers would receive from their crops. It would also increase the demand for food, along with the price the consumer would have to pay. But, are there alternative ways of controlling weeds and insects, using a more natural way society will find more acceptable? This debate has been growing more and more each year, but no answer has availed itself. When farmers and society cooperate, education and limits can help slow down pollution and still keep yields to a maximum. Under the current circumstances, farm chemicals are needed for both the farmer and society. With education, chemicals can be used efficiently by everyone. In the debate over chemicals, many people in society believe that more organic fertilizers and weed killers should be used to eliminate pollution due to chemicals. This is a great hypothesis, but when you examine the problem this is nearly impossible. Manure is just one of the examples on how the pollution of fertilizers and weed killers could be reduced. Manure is an organic substance that can substitute many other forms of fertilizers. In reality, it would be impossible to cover every acre of farm ground with manure. Society today is led to believe that manure is safe for water and is free of pollution when actually it is not. Manure potentially carries many funguses and bacteria that can pollute our water supply. Recently it was discovered that a natural fertilizer has the potential of killing many types of noxious weeds. Nick Christians, an Iowa State University researcher, has discovered corn gluten to be the first "natural" weed killer and fertilizer. Corn gluten is a protein s ubstance extracted from corn during processing. Researchers have found that the corn gluten extract has the potential to interfere with germination in crabgrass and other noxious weeds. On the other hand, "the natural corn byproduct is less effective and more expensive than synthetic weed killers," noted Christians (28).

Kennedy Controversy :: essays research papers

The Kennedy Controversy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November 22, 1963, is a day that will forever live in the minds of those who lived that day, and fascinate younger generations to follow. On this date in history one of America’s most prestigious, well-known and respected presidents was shot and killed by an assassin’s bullet. This single act sent shock waves that paralyzed the country and other nations. Eyes were turned to the United States as everyone held his or her collective breath wondering what was going to happen next. Ike Pappas, a reporter for WNEW in New York, remembers being sent on assignment to Dallas, Texas, to cover the assassination events as they unfolded. Pappas describes his trip: I ran downstairs, hailed a cab, gave the guy twenty dollars, and took then the most fantastic ride, one of the most fantastic taxi rides ever because if you will recall New York City was in a state of shock with the rest of the world, and the bridges were jammed. The telephones—you could not make a call—you could not get out of the city, and I just kept giving this guy twenty dollar bills saying, â€Å"Get there, man, anyway you can.† We went over backyards, through laundry, piles of laundries, rushing out to the airport (119). The government even shutdown all transportation and even closed the Mexican Border (Pappas 120). John Fitzgerald Kennedy, to many, seemed invincible because of his youth and aura of self-confidence (Ward 15). However, even the president knew how vulnerable he was. The night before that infamous day Kennedy was quoted as saying, â€Å"If anyone wants to shoot a president it is not a very difficult job. All one has to do is get on a high building and a telescope rifle and there is nothing anyone can do† (Restin 40). America’s fascination with John F. Kennedy’s sudden death has led to many theories as to who really killed John Kennedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after the chaos from the assassination settled, the nation began to demand answers. On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon Johnson, who was sworn in an hour and a half after Kennedy was pronounced dead, formed a special committee led by Chief Justice Earl Warren to make a thorough investigation into the assassination and report its’ findings. This report became known as the Warren Commission (â€Å"The Assassination—As the Plot Unfolds† 71). The Commission defined the indisputable facts of the case.

Promotion Strategy Fitness Nestle

Nestle Promotion Strategy. – Writing 1 Casestudy February 7, 2010 Nestle constitutes the bigger corporation in the field of research and technology of foods. Her annual investment in Research and Growth is the biggest of the branch while her personnel in this sector exceeds the 3. 000 people. The Nestle Research Centre in Lausanne, where is carried out the basic research, is recognized globally as one of the leading centres of researches in his type with above 300 publications in valid scientific publications each year. The main activity of Group Nestle, which constitutes the bigger enterprise of foodstuffs worldwide, is focused in the sector the general and special human diet. Even if initially her work was based on the milk and the special products of diet for children, many still products were added in her activities with the byway of years, such as chocolates and (CRUNCH, CAILLER, KIT KAT, AFTER EIGHT, SMARTIES etc), coffee (NESCAFE, etc), drinks (NESTEA, NESQUIK etc), cooking products (soups, broths and mash MAGGI, pastas BUITONI, tins LI[B]BY'S etc), products of refrigerator (yoghurt CHAMBOURCY, ice-creams NESTLE, MOTTA and CAMY, desserts etc), natural metal water (PERRIER, VITTEL, SAN PELLEGRINO etc), frozen products (LEAN CUISINE) and products of cerials (FITNESS, CLUSTERS, CHEERIOS etc). Also,in our days NESTLE is taken action in the sector of products of diet of small domestic animals (FRISKIES, GOURMET, FELIX etc), as in the sectors of ophthalmologic (ALCON, OPTI – FREE etc), dermatological pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (NUTRADERM, BENZAC etc). In Greece, Nestle has presence above 100 years and constitutes today one from the bigger industrial companies of foods and drinks. The group Nestle in Greece is today constituted by the companies NESTLE GREECE S. A, NESTLE GREECE ICE-CREAMS S. A, GROUP of CERIALS GREECE. and ALCON INTERNATIONAL GREECE LTD, has totally in 4 factories and occupies in total 1350 people. For the 2006 it realised turnover of 460,6 millions of Euros, with profits above 70 millions of Euros. Chairman and Directing Adviser of Group in Greece is Mr Evangelos Kaloysis which, then long-lasting international military service in the maximum levels of Nestle, undertook also the responsibility of wider region of South-eastern Europe that includes the emerging markets of Albania, Bulgaria and FYROM, as well as Cyprus. It should be marked that the bigger percentage of annual turnover of Group in our country makes from products of factories of Greece. In this assignment we examine and analyze the promotion strategy for the product of Nestle which is named Fitness nestle and it is breakfast cereals mainly for women. The fitness product is the best for women ‘line'. Fitness breakfast cereal helps women manage their line in a sensible way. Fitness helps women not only take off weight but also keep it off as it is made with delicious whole grain flakes. Research shows that women who eat more wholegrain tend to weigh less and are less likely to gain weight over time. Fitness also contains essential vitamins and minerals. Analytically the ingredients for the product are Kellogg’s Special K Cereal (51%) (Rice, Wheat {Wholewheat, Wheat Flour}, Sugar, Wheat Gluten, Defatted Wheatgerm, Dried Skimmed Milk, Salt, Barley Malt Flavouring, Vitamin C, Niacin, Iron, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1), Folic Acid, Vitamin B12), Glucose Syrup, Chocolate Pieces (11%) (Cocoa Mass, Sugar, Emulsifier {Soy Lecithin}), Fructose, Dextrose, Sugar, Humectant (Sorbitol, Glycerol), Vegetable Oil, Emulsifier (Soy Lecithin), Antioxidant (E320). First of all it will be defined the target audience. Geographically the whole region of Greece will be in target. Everywhere in Greece exists a supermarket which offers Nestle Fitness product line must be part of the target. In conclusion geographically there are no limits. Thus , all city sizes will be concluded. In order to be more specific for the target audience will be defined the demographic characteristics. Firstly both gender can use the product, but mainly women are the potential and major consumers, thus women will be focused. Fitness product line is addressed to individuals from 18 to 37 years old. Family status for these individuals is young, single, young married with no children and young divorced. Income segment target is ;= 10000 annual salary. Demographically exist no other constraints. Phychographically the target will consist individuals with lice style status upon the general average and their personality will be characterized as ambitious and selfish. Behaviouristic the target audience will be strong loyal , heavy and regular users, and their market factor sensitivity is more advertising. The promotion strategy will be planned only for a part of the product line of fitness, which need a push. Fitness bars is a line of 7 different flavours. Each flavour has a unique taste but common scope. The price of one package is 2. 57 euros and contains 6 bars. The main competitor is kellogs, which sales the same package in different flavours 2,61 euros. In order to gain a competitive advantage and gain a bigger market share Nestle will apply specific strategy to the promotion. In the spectrum of promotion strategy, this method contains different types of energies. First of all the action , which will take place into the place a consumer can purchase the product. Mostly this point will be in supermarkets or other types of stores where Fitnees bars are sold. A hard-paper stand will be set at the 300 biggest supermarkets. That stand will announce to the potential customer the special offer of the product. That offer will be a 0,30 euros discount and a membership to a contest. The action should represent AIDA’s principles. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action. Attention will be paid by the effectiveness of the stand. Stand will be constructed like a huge Fitness bar with horizontal sleeves and attractive colours. The basic colour for the background will be yellow, because has high impact to catch consumers eye particularly when used with black. After, the board will be in green, because this colour is a symbol of health and freshness and popular for mini products. Inside the packing will be concluded a coupon, in which the purchaser will have the possibility to take part to a contest with a winning prize of free annual membership fee in a popular gym. For this action the costs are: 5000 euros for coupon production, 25000 euros for the stands and no cost for the gym because of a deal. The second part of the promotion strategy, which will follow after the 20 days length of the first action is to promote the fitness bar product line to potential consumers through scientific dietician and nutritionist persons. In Greece exist around 1. 000 people with the previous characteristics. The action will be focused only to the top 150. These persons will be supplied with promotion material, which will explain in scientific terms product healthy characteristics. More specific, Nestle will provide material, which will illustrate the whole product line of the bars and give them as a present posts with a subject from the health world. In addition 10 packages of the product will be send to these persons. The costs of these are: 1500 euros for the material, 3000 for the posts. Finally the last action of the promotion strategy is to approach the 100 biggest gyms around Greece and offer them the range of the bar product with the effectiveness of 50% discount. In that way, Nestle makes two goals. First net sales, even with a good discount and secondly a presentation of the product into the place where the target audience mostly can be found. Totally the costs of these promotion actions will be around 35000 euros. According the desired sales results, costs sound tiny. Desired results are a market share boost of 5% for the next 6 months and an estimated 6% sales growth for the next year. References â€Å"NestleWatch. org†. NestleWatch. org. http://www. nestlewatch. org. Retrieved 2010-01-08. â€Å"FoodAndDrinkEurope. com†. FoodAndDrinkEurope. com. 2007-12-05. http://www. foodanddrinkeurope. com/news/ng. asp? n=81829-nestle-vivartia-milk-prices. Retrieved 2010-01-08. â€Å"Nestle: Following the Customers' Tracks with Google Analytics†. Google Analytics. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. http://web. archive. org/web/20070220225956/http://www. google. com/analytics/case_study_nestle. html. Retrieved 2007-02-21