Leadership Style- Steve Jobs Essay

Steve Jobs was the CEO of the Apple company. His innovation and vision has had a profound effect on the way technology is being used. He was more People orientated than Task orientated in terms of placing himself in the customer’s position and appealing to what they would desire even if they did know it themselves; â€Å"It is not the customer’s job to know what they want†,â€Å"people don’t know what they want until you show it to them.† Mr Jobs was more a Autocratic leader than a collaborative one he was also a transformational leader in some aspects. Autocratic Steve Job’s decisions were made with minimal consultation, and his decisions were made quicker allowing him to respond to changes in the business environment more quickly. The Environmental changes which includes facing their competitors, such as Microsoft. However, because of his â€Å"manipulative† behavior he is considered by some of his employees as authoritative. His behavior and Autocratic style in meetings for instance was described as being rude, and obnoxious. Because of his desire for perfection he had a domineering presence which made some of the employees fear him;he would walk around and ask his employees what they were doing and if they were facing any problems this made his employees feel that Jobs did not only care about the consumers and the products but the employees as well. He wanted to make sure that he was apart of every intricate detail and was involved in every aspect of the company. Transformational As a transformational leader Steve Jobs highly encouraged innovation and creativity among his Apple employees, a key element of intellectual stimulation. He inspired other by- Story telling of his own path helped team members to envision success and possibilities He was always clear about the direction in which the company was heading to. Steve Jobs fought through illness and stayed as long as he could to bring the company as its best. Steve jobs knew how to inspire and attract people with the same vision and the skill set he needed for the team. Steve Jobs took many risks and made many decisions with uncertain outcomes, however most of his decisions have paid off and have had more positive results than negative; the majority becoming achievements. Introducing the mouse and graphical user interface. â€Å"Jobs changed how people interact with personal computers by replacing the text-based command-line interface with a mouse-driven graphical user interface. Instead of typing in commands with a keyboard, users could click on on-screen icons using a mouse controller.† Launching the smartphone revolution. â€Å"When Jobs got Apple into the mobile phone business with the iPhone in 2007, he didn’t just add cellular phone capabilities to an iPod or vice versa, as some expected. He came out with a landmark device that merged an iPod, full Internet browser and mobile phone into a beautiful gadget with a multitouch-screen interface. The iPhone was an instant hit and begat a thousand copycats.† Changing how software applications are distributed. â€Å"He gave developers a way to write and sell mobile programs to consumers online. Its success created a vibrant ecosystem that has boosted demand for Apple’s mobile devices.†

Knowledge Management Life Cycle

Executive summaryThe concept of Knowledge Management comes from the very definition to capture information and content for deriving a value out of it after performing some meaningful operations.  The life cycle would contemplate the process of knowledge procurement to final derivation of meaningful information for processing and further integration.  The identification of several categories which would act as placeholders for the information must be in right hands equipped with right tools so that appropriate function is performed with it.Knowledge Management Life cycleThe step 1 in this process is the identification of the fact that knowledge is king to any organisation and its evaluation, processing and its implementation must be identified in the proper context so as to capitalize on the resources for its optimum usage.Figure 1 : KM CycleThe first task is the formation of Knowledge Management (KM) teams so that the information falls into the right hands for successful processi ng. The KM teams are responsible for procurement of the information, after a thorough analysis of the business scenario. It is also decided whether the system is feasible to handle the KM process from its thought generation stage to post evaluation stage. The economic, technical and behavioral feasibility is obtained at the first level. After evaluating costs, schedule the process takes a momentum for further proceeding. The key stakeholders of the system are the crucial components and are the burning fuel for successful proceeding with the project.The second stage is the ‘What’ and ‘How’ of the system, meaning what needs to be done? And how will one do it? The capture of knowledge must be identified and analyzed thoroughly so that everything works out successfully in the initiation phase.  The third phase is the process of development. Unless the process is identified accurately, the motive of the KM system remains quite incomplete in nature. What to be processed and the objective for doing it? – the meaning must be quite clear at this level. The processing logic is devised by the expert or a set of experts. The business objectives behind the KM process must be evaluated quite well.The fourth phase would mark the designing of the blueprint which would hold information about the scope of the KM system, its interoperability and scalability issues, required system components and the system design and implementation techniques (Awad, 2001). After the roll of the blueprint the system has got a definition of the exact requirements it desires to cater. The system development is started at this level using a RAD model.  After the design is complete the system architecture is set up and all the inputs and outputs are well highlighted through the use of user interface, authentication issues, collaborative agents, application layer, internet layer, and the physical layout of the system (Fan, 2003). After the development phase, the KM system is verified and validated for any errors and defects.After all the stages are over, the final implementation takes the role of implementation where the present legacy system. It requires conversion of the existing system into the new or transferring the essential components into the new KM system. The final stage is user training and feedback mechanism which adds a new dimension to the system and it creates a self learning environment for further incorporating the deficiencies of the dynamic business scenario (McElroy, 1999).A very challenging environment would be to integrate all the systems in the organizations so that information derived from them can be successfully captured for deriving knowledge which would enter a cycle for further derivation of innovative thoughts for the long term success of the business.ConclusionThe KM process is quite essential for managing the information in any organization and deriving greater innovative business thoughts from the information flow in the business and its correct representation and identification of resources for growth and prosperity in enveloping challenges.References/BibliographyFan Yushan (2003). Knowledge Network and Knowledge Management. See: www.simflow.net/Publications/Papers /Year2003/ljq_ICAM03_0312.pdf   

Relational Calculus Essay

Introduction Procedural Query language query specification involves giving a step by step process of obtaining the query result e.g., relational algebra usage calls for detailed knowledge of the operators involved difficult for the use of non-experts Declarative Query language query specification involves giving the logical conditions the results are required to satisfy easy for the use of non-experts Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 1 TRC – a declarative query language Tuple variable – associated with a relation ( called the range relation ) †¢ takes tuples from the range relation as its values †¢ t: tuple variable over relation r with scheme R(A,B,C ) t.A stands for value of column A etc TRC Query – basic form: { t1.Ai1, t2.Ai2,†¦tm.Aim | ÃŽ ¸ } predicate calculus expression involving tuple variables t1, t2,†¦, tm, tm+1,†¦,ts – specifies the condition to be satisfied Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 2 An example TRC query student (rollNo, name, degree, year, sex, deptNo, advisor ) department (deptId, name, hod, phone ) Obtain the rollNo, name of all girl students in the Maths Dept (deptId = 2) {s.rollNo,s.name| student(s)^ s.sex=‘F’^ s.deptNo=2} attributes required in the result This predicate is true whenever value of s is a tuple from the student relation, false otherwise In general, if t is a tuple variable with range relation r, r( t ) is taken as a predicate which is true if and only if the value of t is a tuple in r Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 3 General form of the condition in TRC queries Atomic expressions are the following: 1. r ( t ) -true if t is a tuple in the relation instance r 2. t1. Ai t2 .Aj compOp is one of {, ≠¥, =, ≠  } 3. t.Ai c c is a constant of appropriate type Composite expressions: 1. Any atomic expression 2. F1 ∠§ F2 ,, F1 ∠¨ F2 ,  ¬ F1 where F1 and F2 are expressions 3. (∀t) (F), (âˆÆ't) (F) where F is an expression and t is a tuple variable Free Variables Bound Variables – quantified variables Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 4 Interpretation of the query in TRC All possible tuple assignments to the free variables in the query are considered. For any specific assignment, if the expression to the right of the vertical bar evaluates to true, that combination of tuple values would be used to produce a tuple in the result relation. While producing the result tuple, the values of the attributes for the corresponding tuple variables as specified on the left side of the vertical bar would be used. Note: The only free variables are the ones that appear to the left of the vertical bar Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 5 Example TRC queries Obtain the rollNo, name of all girl students in the Maths Dept {s.rollNo,s.name | student(s) ^ s.sex=‘F’ ^ (âˆÆ' d)(department(d) ^ d.name=‘Maths’ ^ d.deptId = s.deptNo)} s: free tuple variable d: existentially bound tuple variable Existentially or universally quantified tuple variables can be used on the RHS of the vertical bar to specify query conditions Attributes of free (or unbound ) tuple variables can be used on LHS of vertical bar to specify attributes required in the results Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 6 Example Relational Scheme student (rollNo, name, degree, year, sex, deptNo, advisor) department (deptId, name, hod, phone) professor (empId, name, sex, startYear, deptNo, phone) course (courseId, cname, credits, deptNo) enrollment (rollNo, courseId, sem, year, grade) teaching (empId, courseId, sem, year, classRoom) preRequisite (preReqCourse, courseID) Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 7 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Example queries in TRC (1/5) 1)Determine the departments that do not have any girl students student (rollNo, name, degree, year, sex, deptNo, advisor) department (deptId, name, hod, phone) {d.name|department(d) ^  ¬(âˆÆ' s)(student(s) ^ s.sex =‘F’ ^ s.deptNo = d.deptId) Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 8 Examples queries in TRC (2/5) Schema 2)Obtain the names of courses enrolled by student named Mahesh {c.name | course(c) ^ (âˆÆ's) (âˆÆ'e) ( student(s) ^ enrollment(e) ^ s.name = â€Å"Mahesh† ^ s.rollNo = e.rollNo ^ c.courseId = e.courseId } Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 9 Examples queries in TRC (3/5) Schema 3)Get the names of students who have scored ‘S’ in all subjects they have enrolled. Assume that every student is enrolled in at least one course. {s.name | student(s) ^ (∀e)(( enrollment(e) ^ e.rollNo = s.rollNo) → e.grade =‘S’)} person P with all S grades: for enrollment tuples not having her roll number, LHS is false for enrollment tuples having her roll number, LHS is true, RHS also true so the implication is true for all e tuples person Q with some non-S grades: for enrollment tuples not having her roll number, LHS is false for enrollment tuples having her roll number, LHS is true, but RHS is false for at least one tuple. So the implication is not true for at least one tuple. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 10 Examples queries in TRC (4/5) Schema 4) Get the names of students who have taken at least one course taught by their advisor {s.name | student(s) ^ (âˆÆ'e)(âˆÆ't)(enrollment(e) ^ teaching(t) ^ e.courseId = t.courseId ^ e.rollNo = s.rollNo ^ t.empId = s.advisor} 5) Display the departments whose HODs are teaching at least one course in the current semester {d.name | department(d) ^(âˆÆ't)(teaching(t) ^ t.empid = d.hod ^ t.sem = ‘odd’ ^ t.year = ‘2008’)} Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 11 Examples queries in TRC (5/5) Schema 6)Determine the students who are enrolled for every course taught by Prof Ramanujam. Assume that Prof Ramanujam teaches at least one course. 1. {s.rollNo | student (s) ^ 2. (∀c)(course (c) ^ 3. ((âˆÆ't),(âˆÆ'p)( teaching(t) ^ professor(p) ^ 4. t.courseId = c.courseId ^ 5. p.name = â€Å"Ramanujam† ^ 6. p.empId = t.empId )) → 7. (âˆÆ'e) (enrollment(e) ^ 8. e.courseId = c.courseId ^ 9. e.rollNo = s.rollNo) 10. ) 11. } Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 12 Problem with unrestricted use of Negation What is the result of the query: {s.rollNo |  ¬ student(s)} ? Infinite answers !! Unsafe TRC expression : Any expression whose result uses â€Å"constants / values† that do not appear in the instances of any of the database relations. Unsafe expressions are to be avoided while specifying TRC queries. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM. 13 Expressive power of TRC and Relational Algebra It can be shown that both Tuple Relational Calculus and Relational Algebra have the same expressive power A query can be formulated in (safe) TRC if and only if it can be formulated in RA Both can not be used to formulate queries involving transitive closure — find all direct or indirect pre-requisites of a course — find all subordinates of a specific employee etc. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar, Department of CS&E, IITM.

Examine the main causes and consequences of the wars in Chechnya (and Essay

Examine the main causes and consequences of the wars in Chechnya (and now the wider North Caucasus) in the period 1994 to the pr - Essay Example Precisely, while it seems logical to claim that national liberation fuelled by fundamentalist beliefs on Islam could be the main reason for the movements of Chechnya (which I shall explain in greater detail in the succeeding parts of this paper), I wish to underscore that the economic and socio-political motives of the Russian government must also be taken into consideration. Perhaps, the terrorist attacks of the rebel groups could be a result and not mainly the cause of war, as Cornell (2003) posited. Aside from this, attention must also be placed on the theories ofpolitical economy that flourished in the neighboring regions of Chechnya in the North Caucasus. For evidences that I shall explore later on, it must be pointed out that the situation in Chechnya quite interestingly provided commercial benefits to Ingushetia and Dagestan. In the end, I wish to argue that the two Chechnya wars must not be simplistically viewed as a result of the ideological viewpoints of the Chechnya people , but rather a result of much complex string of socio-political and commercial perspectives. In order to maintain succinctness and focus in my discussion, I like to divide my paper into three parts. The first part will provide a brief overview of the happenings in the two Chechnya wars in order to highlight the key factors that have led to their occurrence—from the perspectives of the rebellious group and of the Russian government. The second part will synthesize the data gleaned by infusing socio-political, economic, and commercial perspectives into the discussion. The last part will provide a conclusion and shall re-emphasize the thesis presented above. The Two Chechnya Wars: A Brief Overview Located in the Southwestern corner of Russia, Chechnya is primarily considered a Muslim region (Zalman, n.d.). Geographically, it is bordered by Dagestan, to the north, Ingushetia, to the west, and Georgia to the south. Its capital is Grozny. The first Chechnya War, as further noted by Zalman (n.d.), was instigated by the region’s declaration of independence after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Deemed as a huge impediment in redeeming Russia’s economic and socio-political power, President Yeltsin ordered immediate military enforcement in the region (Hughes, 2001). As Vendina et. al. (2007) narrated â€Å"Boris Yel’tsin, then-president of the RSFSR, declared a state of emergency in Chechnya in November 1991, dispatching troops to Grozny one month after the region had declared its independence; these were repulsed and the chaos surrounding the Soviet Union’s demise allowed Chechnya to be left to its own devices† (p. 180). As factional fighting against the army of Air Force general Dzhokhar Dudayev increased in 1994 (which was also the time when Russia had already gained its strength as a state), Yeltsin ordered a full assault on the region (Cornell, 2003). In this regard, as Cornell (2003) described the subsequent happening s, â€Å"it took two months of massive air and artillery bombing for the federal army to capture Grozny—at the cost of thousands of own casualties, over 20,000 civilian lives, a total destruction of the city, and displacement of hundreds of thousands of people† (p. 170). Indeed, it was crude counterinsurgency tactic as marked by the massive use of firepower that defined the fighting strategy of Dudayev’

Frederick Douglass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frederick Douglass - Essay Example Colonel Lloyd himself, the boss of Anthony and the wealthiest slaveholder in Maryland whose plantation was known as the Great House Farm had cruel overseers himself who would brutally beat slaves. But the cruelest of the slaveholders in Douglas narrative all was Edward Covey, the famous â€Å"slave breaker† who had the perversion of taking pride in taming the slaves. According to the narrative of Frederick Douglas, â€Å"Mr. Covey had acquired a very high reputation for breaking young slaves, and this reputation was of immense value to him. It enabled him to get his farm tilled with much less expense to himself than he could have had it done without such a reputation† [53]. Thus, this reputation was deliberately concocted by Mr. Covey in order to profit from the slave by making them till his land at a lesser cost under the pain of fear. Douglass also portrayed his masters as hypocrites particularly Edward Covey who had the pretension of righteousness by donning the mantle of Christian religiosity. In Douglass narrative, Mr. Covey was singled out as the exemplar of slave owner’s hypocrisy of pretending to be a good and charitable man but in fact oppresses another human being through slavery and worst, brutally maltreats the slaves with the pride of breaking them. In Douglass words, â€Å"Mr. Covey, he was a professor of religion—a pious soul—a member and a class-leader in the Methodist church. All of this added weight to his reputation as a â€Å"nigger-breaker† [53]. ... It may sound strange but in Douglass eyes, Mr. Covey’s religiosity did not impress him but rather compounded his anxiety as it added to Mr. Covey’s reputation as â€Å"nigger breaker†. Douglass also portrayed slaveholders to be greedy and unjust. This portrayal was present in his narrative in the characters of his favorite tormentor Mr. Covey, the wealthy landowner Colonel Lloyd and his benign master Thomas. Mr. Covey deliberately instilled fear among slaves with his reputation as â€Å"nigger breaker† to short change them in tilling his lands. Colonel Lloyd on the other hand would provide meager allowances to his slaves while overworking them. Thomas is more subtle in his ways of letting Douglass find employment by calking but still, he was unjust to Douglass. He let Douglass work but his earnings in calking goes to Thomas. Douglass bitterly resented this set up with his narrative that â€Å"He received all the benefits of slaveholding without its evils; while I endured all the evils of a slave, and suffered all the care and anxiety of a freeman. I found it a hard bargain. But, hard as it was, I thought it better than the old mode of getting along [84]. But just when he thought that Thomas was different of all the slaveholders in a sense that he do not beat them, he was proven wrong when he came home late from work because the remittance of his earnings was also given late to Thomas. Douglas recalled â€Å"I found him very angry; he could scarce restrain his wrath. He said he had a great mind to give me a severe whipping [84]. Almost unanimously, almost all slaveholders in Douglas narrative were either cruel or unjust except of a little exception in the person of Mrs. Auld who did not maltreat him. In fact, in her kindness, she offered to

The gender communication connection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The gender communication connection - Essay Example Even though men and women can fell in love as they enter into a relationship, there will always be a difference between the two sexes which could result to relationship and miscommunication problems. As a way of expressing love with the opposite sex and/or the individual reactions when people undergo emotional, physical, and mental stress, Men and women in general are using different conversation style. Because of the differences in the use of communication techniques, a person can unintentionally send a wrong signal to their counterparts. To enable the readers to fully understand the differences between the two sexes, Gray (1992) decided to use metaphor as a way to simplify the identification of conflicts that may occur between a man and a woman. After having analyzed and identified the major differences between both gender such that men prefers to hide in a cave while women talk when both sexes undergo major life problems aside from the diferent communication styles used by men and women among others which are presented in chapters 1 – 8 (pp. 1 – 143), the author provided the readers with some recommended solutions on how to enable men understand women more and vice versa on chapters 9 – 13 (pp. 165 – 307). I strongly agree that there is a huge difference between the way men and women communicate with one another or how they perceive things in general. However, the use of metaphor concept such as describing ‘men from Mars and women from Venus’ can mislead some of the readers in terms of its being able to capture the real essence of the topic. For example: With regards to the issue of giving comfort, men and women cannot be literally classified as someone from Mars and Venus since both men and women can be comforted when a person listens to him/her talk, showing sympathy when necessary, and/or when receiving some advice from other people given that

The Armenian Genocide in Modern Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Armenian Genocide in Modern Politics - Essay Example An inadvertent theme in the sources is the genocide's similarity to the atrocities perpetrated by Nazism in the Second World War – inadvertent, of course, because they record a â€Å"direct precedent for Hitler's genocidal policies† rather than a later imitation. However, the justification of the genocide is also reflected in twenty-first-century policy. Document 10.3, an excerpt from the memoirs of the American ambassador, records the Minister of the Interior's reasons for the genocide as follows: that the Armenians had â€Å"enriched themselves at the expense of the Turks†, that they â€Å"determined to domineer† over the native Turkish people, and that they â€Å"openly encouraged [the Turks'] enemies†. The similarities between this and Nazi anti-Semitism are familiar, but its recurrence in modern America is far more subtle and disturbing. Taalet's projection of his own actions on his enemies is reminiscent of, for example, right-wing accusations of leftist violence, or even the widespread and mistaken idea that both Democratic and Republican rhetoric was equally as bad after the shooting of Gabrielle Giffords. Unlike people who adhere to Republican principles, Democrats are not suggesting â€Å"a fake attack on [their] governor to discredit union protestors†. Although the United States is not participating in genocide, some of the nationalist and racist tendencies currently prevalent are reminiscent of the reasons for the Armenian genocide.... Both the genocide and present US politics can be related to Kramer's idea that war in the twentieth century morphed into a â€Å"new style of warfare† (Sebag Montefiore) which he calls total destruction: conflict was no longer limited to the battleground but included the annihilation of civilians and culture as well. Documents 10.4 and 10.5 refer to Armenians being â€Å"Islamicized† (Author, 167) in order to survive, forsaking their culture in return for their lives; the report to the German government goes on to say that Armenian â€Å"orphanages, hospitals, schools and the like† had either been closed down or were being â€Å"threatened daily by the authorities† (Author, 167). The perpetrators of genocide did not merely want to eradicate Armenian people; their sights were set on the entire cultural history and memory of Armenians. More sneakily, pro-choice laws (and therefore women) in the United States are also threatened daily: three hundred and fifty one separate pieces of abortion-related legislation had been proposed in 2011 before the end of March (Steinmetz). Although the circumstances are very different, the effect is not so; such attack on women's rights could be considered a genocide of sorts, or rather a slow and secret mass femicide. Similarly, â€Å"cases of rape of women and girls even publicly are very numerous† (Author, 162) in the Armenian genocide as in the twenty-first century US, where one in six women and one in thirty-three men are sexually assaulted (RAINN). It is true, however, that nationalism and racism are not so prevalent in American politics as they were in the Armenian genocide, although both have

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW - Essay Example The author felt that choosing different organization in different industries and different sectors would give a good cross sectional overview for the report. According to the findings of the study it was apparent that depending on the type of the organization, marketing assistants were required to carry out many different tasks ranging from marketing planning, corporate communications and advertising copy writing. Based on the findings of the study and the author's knowledge, skills and abilities a curriculum vitae and covering letter were designed. The covering letter that was designed was of a generic nature to help the author to customize it with minimum effort to match specific marketing positions that she wishes to apply for in the next few weeks. The objective of this report is for the author to study the job of a Marketing Assistant from different angles and to assess herself in terms of the findings. In order to carry out this study the author chose five different organizations from different sectors and studied the specifications that have been set out by these organizations for qualifications that were necessary for role. In this report the author will describe the methodology that will be used to study the job of the Marketing Assistant, the manner in which the findings will be presented and the self assessment. Based on the findings and the self assessment the author will design and develop a generic curriculum vitae and a covering letter for herself, which she intends to use when applying for the position of Marketing Assistant. These two documents will also be included in this report. Methodology In order to carry out an in depth and meaningful study of role of a Marketing Assistant the author will collect information from five different companies in different sectors and industries on what these organizations look for in their potential candidates. The five companies that were chosen by the author are as follows 1. Coke Cola Corporation - Beverage Company - Private Sector 2. Tesco Supermarket - Retail Store - Private Sector 3. Axa Insurance Company - Insurance Company - Private Sector 4. HSBC - Financial Company - Private Sector 5. Salvation Army - Not for Profit - Non Governmental Sector The author studied the job descriptions of Marketing Assistants in the above companies and also interviewed individuals working in the marketing departments in the above companies before writing this report. In order to gain a good knowledge of the labour market and future prospects for individuals working as Marketing Assistants in these organizations, the author also interviewed former marketing assistants in these companies and asked them on how easy or hard it was for them to find jobs and if the experience they had gained while at the previous companies were sufficient. The author specifically studied the following areas pertaining to the job. 1. Tasks and responsibilities 2. Entry requirements 3. Training, development and future prospects 4. Terms and Conditions 5. Work environment and corporate culture 6. Labour market conditions and employment prospects Based on the findings the author then carried out a self-assessment and designed and developed a curriculum vitae

Consensual Relationship Agreements Research Paper

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that romance at the place of work is expected to happen because the offices consist of individuals who share common interests and relate with one another on a daily basis. Therefore, it is vital for the managers to accept this situation and embrace it, but at the same time implementing policies that will address office romance. Most companies do not have workplace romance policies, as they forbid the romance itself, since they view office romance as a contributing factor to conflict of the organization’s interests, especially in a hierarchical aspect where a boss may be dating a subordinate. The consensual relationship agreement (CRA) involves the two individuals acknowledging that their relationship is voluntary and promising to behave professionally while at the place of work. They also agree to behave ethically, therefore not offending other employees with their behavior; favoritism between them is discouraged. Moreover, the invol ved parties at the workplace are required to sign the consensual relationship agreement and abide by its rules and regulations. However, workplace romance can at times compromise the employees’ concentration, especially when the two lovebirds work in the same place. According to Amaral, the mixture of genders in the places of work and time spent together creates room for growth of romantic feelings towards the employees, which yields to significant consequences. Most managers are sued by their employees for sexual harassment and failed relationships. Therefore, CRA works as a savior for employers in such situations. In addition, a relationship that has the potential of yielding to a lawsuit is not worth it; therefore, CRAs creates a balance between individual interests. According to Amaral, office romance has serious repercussions such as low productivity, as other employees believe that the boss is favoring his partner who is an employee. Therefore, the author would recommen d the use of consensual relationship agreements, as their rules oppose favoritism and encourage professionalism. Upon signing this agreement, the involved parties are expected to comply with the rules and regulations of the CRAs. Consensual relationship agreements also reduce legal issues associated with sexual harassment. Upon signing a consensual relationship agreement, the parties attest that they are in the relationship voluntarily, and therefore, sexual harassment is out of the question. In addition, CRA ensures that a relationship ends amicably, without involving lawsuits. To regulate office romances, consensual relationship agreements are essential; not many employees and employers wish to sign the contract, and as a result, their relationship is not allowed. Therefore, the organization is not liable for any negative outcomes. The consensual relationship agreement makes it difficult for an employee to claim that the relationship was unwelcome, especially if the relationship g oes sour since he/she signed the agreement voluntarily. In addition, CRA ensures that the involved employees are governed by a no-harassment policy, and therefore, reducing the lawsuits associated with sexual harassment.

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work Essay

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work - Essay Example Additionally, differences among administrative theory would tend to vary on matters between management and operation, for example, the difference between getting things done and doing things. However, no matter the number of evolving administrative theories, it is the same skill that is required universally; in the industry; government as well as home management (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The policy/administration dichotomy was a leadership theory that was popular during the early years of public administration mostly due to business principles used in managing the government (Henry 1975). As years passed by, dichotomy requested for politics to be removed in the administration section of the government. This left politics to officials elected who make policy. In short, Reformers used the idea of policy/administration dichotomy to reform/ change the government structure particularly in both politicians and administrators. The dichotomy theory did not intend to threaten those in power because it ensured that politicians would make relevant policies and other related decisions whilst the administrator would be the person in charge of implementing the made policies. Political neutrality is vital because it enabled the different government officials that are the politicians and the administrators to stick to their roles and ensured that no role was duplicated. In the past , public administration performed in public organization which was only in the grounds of accounting instead of, the actual performance of implementing existing policies. Today, public administration role in decision making is an important role, particularly in the management of and, control of public bureaucracy (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The six paradigms by Henry clearly illustrate how public administration has changed and become more defined over the years. The first paradigm is about

Social Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Social Computing - Essay Example Directing the customers from these pages to the actual scholarly articles. This will increase the readership of the ‘Educated People Society’ website. It will help them gain various sponsors to run the website and fund actions related to environmental activities and scientific research. Checking the level of awareness created through the social media tools by conducting a questionnaire survey among them and involving in the qualifying youngsters in projects related to their interests. Creating an environmental awareness is the main objective. Be it a laptop the youngsters use or a leather jacket, they should be educated regarding the way it is created, the core technology and the various political and economical facts associated with it. This knowledge is important to make them valuable citizens in future. A youngster who changes his mobile once in year will stick to one smart phone for years if they realize how much e-waste they are creating. A person who knows how the plastic covers thrown around affects the environment will never use them again. Providing such information in an interesting format is the main objective of the social media tools used. The aim of the social media campaign is to advertise about the same by entering their territory. It is hard to make youngsters visit a science related site or lecture them about environment. But, taking the site to tools like Blogger and Twitter where they use will make them peek at it automatically. The blog and Twitter page explains about the animals and the photography site in Nat Geo. The technology blog related dwells with various subjects shown as documentaries in NatGeo, WWF and Green Peace websites. So youngsters with diverse interests will be directed towards these sites from their favourite pastime areas in the internet. The info presented will be mostly in the format of quizzes, puzzles and

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Dont know that the police came to ask e own b acksm n to tix their only pair ot handcuffs, and start to ask questions such as how did they know it was Pip that helped the convict? ) 2. Pips convict shows his appreciation for Pips loyalty by claiming to have stolen the food and file himself, protecting Pip. 3. The hostility between the two convicts is apparently caused by the first convict trying to get the second convict to the guards, showing he was willing to return to Jail and give up his short lived freedom to do so. The second convict pleaded that he was minding his own business when the first convict attacked, and would have been murdered if the guards had not shown up. Chapter 6- He Climbed Down the Chimney. (Mr. Pumblechook claims that the only way that the convict could get inside was through the chimney. Pip is the only one who knows this is false, because it was Pip who stole the food and file to give to the criminal. ) 1 . Mr. Pumblechook is Joes uncle and, therefore, Pips brother-in-law. He gets Pip into Satis House by

Piaget Drawing Development

Piaget Drawing Development Luquet was one of the first to start researching into the development of drawing using a cognitive development theory and releasing a book in French during 1927. He described differing stages of drawing development which a child will pass through; this became known as the stage account. Luquet thought that after a period of scribbling that children go through, there were four stages of realism which children will also go through. These were thought to be fortuitous realism, failed realism, intellectual realism and visual realism. Fortuitous realism shows the childs drawing as mostly scribbles but the child can see real life objects within the marks. The child will do this again and again and notice these accidental representations, until they reach the point where they will set out intending to draw something representational from real life. The child will be entering the second stage which is failed realism when they consistently set out with the intent to draw something resembling real life. During this stage an adult can see an adult can see what the child has set out to draw although it can look like there are many mistakes with important features missed out and objects not always where they should be, (such as a childs drawing of a parent, where the parent has a face but no body, with its legs and arms extending out from the head). Intellectual realism occurs when improvements of the childs concentration and attention occurs, meaning the drawing will depict prominent important features of the object. This is the stage where the child will feel it is important that the defining features in the shape are drawn. To achieve this, the child will use transparency, draw certain features as if like a plan, and draw certain things broken down. However this prospective is different to how the object is seen in real life and the child notices this and will start to become concerned about drawing this way. This leads to the child wanting to draw life like representations of an object and this takes the child into the fourth stage, visual realism, which means that the child will draw on object from one perspective and will only draw the objects features from the same perspective. In 1956 Piaget took the work of Luquets (1927) stages of drawing to use to develop his framework, which too was using a cognitive development theory, Piaget didnt see drawing as a special part of development, but rather a window into the general cognitive development of a child. For him, a drawing showed the cognitive competence of a child rather than what stage of development they were at. For the most part, Piaget agreed with Luquets theory and both of there frameworks has similar stages of development for childrens drawing. There are certain strengths for their theory which include that they seem to explain seeming stages of acquisition, supporting evidence for this was shown by Clark (1897) who studied children aged 6 to 16, they were asked to draw an apple with a hatpin passing through it, the younger children were found to draw a continuous line while the older children tended to only draw the visible parts of the pin, and Freeman Janikoun (1972) who studied cups that were dra wn by children. The cups had a flower pattern and were positioned so that handle or flower pattern was either visible for the child or not visible for the child, they found that they younger children drew the handle even when it was not visible where as the older children only drew what they could see. However, the weaknesses for Luquet/Piagets stage theory are that the roles of culture and environment had not been taken into consideration. Evidence against their stage theory has been shown by Selfe (1977, 1995) who studied artwork of gifted children and autistic savants. She studied a young girl with autism who could draw remarkable pictures, the drawings she studied were produced by the child between the ages of 3 and 9, and said that the girls pictures were remarkable because they were done while she was so young and because Nadia (the young girl) did not show that she had any type of ability to see conceptually. This goes towards showing that not all children will go through the stages that Luquet and Piaget suggest, but whether this is just for children with conditions such as autism is not currently known. Barret, Beaumont Jennett (1985) also provide evidence against Luquet and Piagets stage theory by talking about the instructions which the children received, for instance, did the children receive standard instructions (with the instructor saying draw exactly what you see from where you are sat) or whether the child received explicit instructions (with the instructor saying draw exactly what you see from where you are sat, look at it very carefully so you can draw it just as you see it). They found that when children received the standard instructions 11% of the children got the drawing correct, and when the children received the explicit instructions 65% of the children got the drawing correct. According to Luquet (1927), children move gradually from one stage to the next and that they can still draw from pervious stages in when they are in that last stage, this is because they may still want to represent something in a different way. He suggests that the reason children will draw the same things over again without them varying much is not due to habit but that they prefer to draw it in that way. Luquets theory should not be considered as just a stage theory as he had many other points to add to it, including the two above, for this reason childrens drawing ability should be seen as more of a fluid motion, since a child will progress through the stages but can easily slip back if they want to, allowing them to represent not only the part of the object that they see but the whole of the object. Kellogg (1970) used a generalist theory and took a different approach by suggesting that drawings of children are just patterns as children only draw things that show what they perceive as good form. She found that usually when a child reaches 5 or 6 years old, that most children will be able to draw a fairly accurate and complete person; this is because by this age most children will have formed a drawing formula which allows them too continuously and consistently draw an accurate picture of a person. She thought that some shapes can be seen in childrens scribbles and that it is these shapes that can then be used to form a picture. Kellogg did agree that drawing made use of the base of representational experience but says that the use of the lines would differ. Kellogg did come up with a descriptive classification that had the appearance of developmental progression by looking at thousands of childrens drawings and examining them closely. These drawing showed that the development pa ssed from basic scribbles then diagrams, then shapes finally moving to combining shapes, she suggests that when a child reaches that stage the child is functioning as an artist. Willats (1977) used a perceptual theory but agreed that drawings can be seen as representations but thought that children could possibly experience perceptual problems when they try to draw a 3D image on paper (a 2D space). He also suggested that children can change the solutions to these problems as they grow older and develop. Willats (1977) took children aged from 5 to 17, and showed then a real scene, the children were asked to draw what they saw from a fixed view point. When the children had finished their drawing Willats chose to classify the drawings using a drawing system which gave a certain score to a picture. The score was given based on the number of correct representations of occlusion by overlap. There are many drawing systems and during this investigation six were found, and it was shown that it was the older children who used the more complex systems. Willats found that there were discrete stages at which the development took place which was found to cover all the age s of the children tested, this also showed that the ability to use overlap appears continuous, with few children using overlap at under 9 years old with children learning fast between the ages of 10 and 12 years old. Arnheim (1974) used a generalist theory and had suggested that a child will draw an object which will show the defining features (as the child sees them) in the simplest way for the child to be able to draw them within a piece of paper (2D space). One example that was given of this is that a child will most likely draw an animal from the side so that the relationship between its legs, tail, and any other defining features are visible allowing people to clearly see what animal it is, while a child will draw a person from the front, allowing the facial features to be depicted and also showing the symmetry of these features making it clear that it is a person. This was supported by Ives Rovet (1979) who consistently found that children of any age who had passed the scribble stage, and were asked to draw an object that was familiar but without seeing the object, all used those specific ways of drawing. Luquet and Piaget are the two big names when it comes to looking at the development of drawing in children, but much more research has been done since Luquets initial research in 1927 which was popularised in 1956 by Piaget. They both took the cognitive development approach to drawing development which may have been why they both agreed on the stage theory, with research by others looking into different approaches to drawing development. There is a lot of support for Luquet and Piagets theory of stages of drawing development, and although it has a few criticisms, the main one being that it does not account for any cultural differences, most psychologists will agree that there is some form of stages of development that a child will go through when it comes to drawing development. Another criticism of Luquet and Piaget is that it does not think about the children with such developmental conditions as autism and asperger syndrome. These conditions can involve delays and impairments in t he development of the childs communicative and social skills, which may delay the child in some areas of development, while other children with these types of disorders have been shown to be good at certain things which including drawing, with some children showing remarkable advancement in drawing. It also depends on the instructions that the children are given as to whether they get the drawing correct or not, and so the instructors have to be careful how they ask the children to draw the object otherwise it may influence how they draw the object.

The Flea by John Donne Essay -- The Flea John Donne Songs and Sonnets

The Flea by John Donne â€Å"The Flea†, a witty poem of seduction and conceit, taken from John Donne’s â€Å"Songs and Sonets† is the poem that I have chosen to compare to â€Å"Song†, another poem of John Donne’s where he is passionately pleading with his wife not to be disheartened about his departure abroad. Both poems which belong to â€Å" Songs and Sonets†, written around the time of the 16th century, show that their title suggests they are both short poems, following the traditional form of a sonnet, consisting of fourteen lines. However, they are not â€Å"songs† in the conventional sense we think of and none of them are written as a sonnet. In fact, Donne’s poems were intended for circulation around his local pub, â€Å"Lincoln’s Inn†, where he could impress his male friends with his bawdy poetic nature. â€Å" The Flea†, emphatically rejects the Petrarchan tradition of love poetry, where the woman is seen as a goddess, an object of desire worth worshipping by a man. Instead, Donne wrote poems that saw the earthy reality of sexual relations between a man and woman. The poem, whose historical convention probably started with Ovid, shows that it was common in Elizabethan times to envy a flea for its access to the female body. Donne throughout the poem makes references to the flea, presenting a conceit produced of wit, integrity and persuasion. The title, which presents the conceit, is in fact the structure of the poem, the entire poem depends on this conceit. At first, this is a puzzling image to the reader, it seems bizarre and inappropriate. However, as the poem continues, Donne’s argument does also, and we see how reality is conveyed by the vivid imagery of the flea. Donne uses a three-part syllogism in this poem whic... ...while, they will always have each other in each other’s hearts, and that they will never really be parted. His final argument of persuasion is that they don’t really need the physical presence, as long as there is the matter of trust then he will return to her once more. Overall, by the structure and language used in â€Å"Song†, the poem is very consoling and reassuring. Compared to â€Å"The Flea,† it is very different as the respect for the women the two poems are written for differ enormously. Indeed both poems are extremely clever and logical, with well thought out ideas for argument and persuasion, and are full of wit and clever analogies. However, â€Å"Song† shows a different side to John Donne’s character than â€Å"The Flea† presents, he appears more softer and respectful, consoling and loving than when he appears bawdy and obscene, shallow and disrespectful.

A Brief History of Robin Hood by Nigel Cawthorne Essay -- heroic advent

The legend of Robin Hood is widely known throughout the world. There are various literary works pertaining to the adventures and tales of Robin Hood. The main legacy that Robin and his band of merry men leave behind is the heroic concept of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. The tale has been around for hundreds of years, and is still a recurring theme used for different types of entertainment such as movies, plays, and books. As with most historical heroes, the facts of their lives may have been slightly fabricated with the passing of time. This is especially true with the myth of Robin Hood. There have been many historians that have searched to find out where the true legend originated. In A Brief History of Robin Hood, Nigel Cawthorne describes that Robin Hood might have been â€Å"born in Loxely around 1160 and was an active outlaw around 1193-4, then outlawed again in 1225 until his death in 1247†1. Robin Hood lived in the forest with his gang, the merry men. The merry men were other outlaws that helped Robin Hood with his heroic adventures. Hood is generally depicted as wearing green tights with feathers in his hat. He also carries along side of him a bow and arrow. The outfit of Robin Hood has however been slightly manipulated because the clothes he is depicted wearing had not even been designed until hundreds of years after his life span. The legend has been able to adapt to centuries of different cultures and civilizations and has become more romanticized and has the ability to appeal to persons of all ages. The mysteries behind the legendary Robin Hood are endless. The major components to consider while looking into Robin Hoods past involve, his myths, similar outlaws, eliminating outlaws, and the truth behind the... ...d: Amberley, 2010. Print. pp. 195-197. 7. Bradbury, Jim. Robin Hood: Man and Myth. Stroud: Amberley, 2010. Print. pp. 185. 8. Bradbury, Jim. Robin Hood: Man and Myth. Stroud: Amberley, 2010. Print. pp. 185-186. 9. Cawthorne, Nigel. A Brief History of Robin Hood:. London: Robinson, 2010. Print. pp. 53 10. Bradbury, Jim. Robin Hood: Man and Myth. Stroud: Amberley, 2010. Print. pp. 205. 11. Rennison, Nick. Robin Hood: Myth, History and Culture. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2012. Print. pp. 9. Bibliography 1. Baldwin, David. Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked. Stroud: Amberley, 2010. Print. 2. Bradbury, Jim. Robin Hood: Man and Myth. Stroud: Amberley, 2010. Print. 3. Cawthorne, Nigel. A Brief History of Robin Hood:. London: Robinson, 2010. Print. 4. Rennison, Nick. Robin Hood: Myth, History and Culture. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2012. Print.

Analysis of I dont kiss strangers :: essays research papers

The analysis of I Don’t Kiss Strangers In the short story, I Don’t Kiss Strangers there is a man versus man conflict regarding a couple who may never see each other again. In the beginning of the story there is little indication of foreshadowing of what will happen in the end. Therefore the reader is completely unaware of the outcome of the story. Written in the first person, the story takes place at a loud party with many intoxicated adults. A boyfriend has been drafted into the army and the love struck couple faces the chance of him not coming back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author of the story, Shirley Jackson sets the mood with a sense of disbelief and shock as the story progresses and gets more in depth. The story gives clues of foreshadowing when someone tells him he cannot just go up to a girl and blatantly say â€Å"come on outside into the air, we gotta say goodbye somehow.† That statement kind of gives the reader clues that he wants to go somewhere else and spend his last night with her. Throughout the story, the protagonist tries to persuade his girlfriend to go to a different place other than a party to say Good-bye. However, she acts stubbornly and refuses to leave the party in fear that the liquor would be too far away. Using the liquor as a comfort zone so she does not have to face reality. In my opinion, she is trying to make it easier on her self by trying to avoid the fact that he is leaving and all she will have is memories. She talks about how long of a time it will be by saying that she want even know how the next guy will sound to her or that the next time she runs out of cigarettes she want have him to go get them. In my opinion, she says he will be different because over the year both of them will mature and the war will change him. The antagonist feels sorry for her self and goes on to say that if he does come back that neither he nor she will ever be the same again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax occurs when the couple is located in the bathroom discussing their dilemma. This is where the hints of foreshadowing in the beginning of the story start to really stand out. She really puts things blatant about not wanting to go somewhere else to talk.

Effects of Advertising Essay

Advertising may have some good points, as we know, but advertising is really just a necessary evil. Advertising has its own fair share of negative effects. While some are obvious to those with a more scrutinizing eye, most of advertising’s potentially harmful facets go undetected. How do you think advertisements have affected consumers or What are the negative effect of advertising? Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade its viewers, readers or listeners to take some action. Why should an ad be negative The main functionality of an ad is to convey the reason for existence of a brand / product and entice customers to buy. The visuals are a form of expressing the communication and making it is human as possible. How its shown or televised, printed is a subjective matter. Ideally we should be asking whether the communication is correct or not. Is it misleading the consumer Is it showcasing something and you are landed with something else Negative effects of ad would be when the communication is wrong, which seldom happens. Its really only in cases of Insurance ads, funds or generally speaking finance vertical ads. Keeping these hazards in mind even these corporates have started issuing a disclaimer immediately after the ads. Cold drink companies are using aero stunts for their ads and also staking claim that the stunts are performed by qualified experts and hence not to be done by normal unqualified people!! Ads will not really be negative, unless there may in some cases like the Red Bull ad where the content is quite derogatory where the man drinks Red Bull flies and opens his fly on top of the bird because the bird shat on him†¦ thats going too far with the tag for Red Bull. So I do not really find any negative effect of advertising per se!! Today advertising plays a dominant role for each and every product. Sometimes it becomes nuisance for the viewers, especially when watching the favourite programes in TVs and during this time the ad will not be of much effective as they will be nelected by the viewers by switching over to another channel for watching some other show. The basic objective of all ad campaign in TV channels is to reach the public immediately. Here the question is up to what extent the ads are effective and are sucessful.. we can’t say 100%. o the advertisers should plan their capaign to get the milage to the greater extent. But it is true that the ad related to the children is very well watched by them and are enjoyed by the children. For every action, there is an opposite and an equievalent reaction. Hence the advertisers have to make a strategic planning on their timing and the money spent for the ad should not go waste. In other words thei ad capaign should regulated. The ad should not turn to irritate the viewers and it should not also exaggerate. It should be simple to showcase their products qualities and applications. I believe currently that advertising has become so powerful and so subtle that we accept most of it without thinking. It is our environment. We buy shirts and bags with large logos and ‘show off’ most of us own a TV, the programs that exist are there only to get us to see ads. Our newspapers are covered in ads and we still call it news. My point is that advertising is in no way positive. It creates ‘want’ in a society that doesn’t understand the true meaning of ‘Need’. Fr. Kavanaugh was on the mark when describing the effects of advertising on society. Our moral values are being degraded by the bombardment of impropriety by the media. Adler would be quick in pointing out the reason why these messages have such a negative effect on people. There are two main tactics advertisers use to sell their product: either imply that their product will bring about the achievement of a particular (usually real) good, or make their product the object of desire, therefore making it an apparent good to people. The problem with associating products with the achievement of a good lies more in the realm of truth than in good, because it lies in whether or not the product can truly live up to its claims. The relation between a product and statements, therefore, they are directly misleading the public. The other subjective thing, it would seem to be acceptable for advertisers to qualify represent — in other words, Calvin Klein products are now in and of themselves associating more importance to the product than to the good involved, like a society to advocate proper moral values in their advertising, or at least not The effects of 2 People see advertisements all around the globe that attempt to lure consumers to buy products. Advertisements are placed in newspapers, magazines, schools, and on billboards everywhere. According to marketing consultants Stan Rapp and Tom Collins, on a typical day, an average American sees over 5,000 advertisements a day (Gay, 1992). Many questions arise about these advertisements, such as â€Å"Is advertising deceptive? Does it create or perpetuate stereotypes? Does it create conformity? Does it create insecurity in order to sell goods? Does it cause people to buy things that they really don’t need? †(Alexander & Hanson, 1993, p. 240). Advertisers use specific methods to target teen consumers, but these methods are not always successful or ethical. Advertising is giving the general public information about new goods and trying to increase overall sales, which increases the efficiency of the nation’s economy. It is supposed to be a significant way of getting the point across about a product and create motivation for people to buy. Advertising alone, however, does not get customers. It simply catches consumers’ attention, gets them to walk up to a shelf, and make an impulsive purchase. However, getting the customer back requires a more creative marketing approach. There are several ways to research consumers’ behaviors, likes, and dislikes. The most popular method is tests and surveys, both before and after a product is introduced. Telephone surveys are very common, but they take several thousand calls to get a substantial number of responses to work with. Along with those, written questionnaires and samples, either handed out in stores or sent by mail, are effective tests to see if consumers like a product or not. The reactions to the samples, results of questionnaires, and number of participants are all recorded as The effects of 3 a part of the researching process to come up with effective ads. All of this data collected also has other purposes, such as information on warranties and which groups to target for certain products. Companies also check whether the ads are being productive by means of comparing the money made and number of sales during periods of advertising to those during a time of no advertising. Some companies even allow average consumers to preview a commercial to get a response. As a result, companies learn what consumers want before wasting money on useless ads. A well-known advertising strategy is making consumers feel insecure and creating fears that can be overcome by buying. Advertising reveals the latest fashions and the new popular novelties on the market. It exhibits perfect individuals wearing the new styles and looking good. Consumers observe this perfection and envy it. Therefore, they go out and buy in hopes of reaching perfection. Furthermore, being an accepted member of society has become very important to most individuals. For instance, the presence of body odor on individuals makes them an outcast in society. Advertisers use this knowledge to their advantage by developing ads that show a person using deodorant and being recognized as popular. Fear also works into the whole advertising process. Due to the fear by consumers that they will not fit in, they pay close attention to the new ads for the new looks, which gives advertisers more drive to make their ads portray the ideal person. Advertisers also insure that ads are simply informational, but many disagree and believe that they are definitely persuasive. According to Douglas Kellner, a professor of philosophy, as early as the 1920s, advertising critics argue that ads began to persuade Americans, due to the new invention of the assembly lines and the concept of corporations, that buying material The effects of 4 goods was the thing to do. They tried convincing people that spending hard-earned dollars on items that could be hand-made was the new accepted behavior that would enhance their lives (Alexander & Hanson, 1993). Likewise, critics of the advertising industry argue that it connects products with preferred emotions, such as happiness and popularity. For example, beer commercials often show a man after a hard day’s work enjoying an ice-cold beer to relax him. They also argue that ads give people the impression that products can give them talent. Take athletics, for example. Nike ads are accused of implying that their shoes will give a consumer athletic ability. Michael Jordan is shown in a television commercial dunking a basketball, wearing a new style of Nike shoes. Consequently, kids are going to want the same pair to be â€Å"like Mike† (Wolf, 1998, n. p. ). On the other hand, advertising agencies say that they just give the consumers up-to-date information. They show change in their ads because they know that is what consumers want and to fulfill the needs of the general public, change. Thus, persuasive strategies are considered techniques used by advertisers to get consumers to buy. Teenagers have become top consumers in today’s society, so advertisers have focused on getting their business. According to Simmons Market Research Bureau of New York City, teens bought 25% of all movie tickets and 27% of all videos, totaling $6. 6 billion. In 1998, teens spent $1. 5 billion on jeans, almost twice as much as in 1990, and $3 billion on sneakers, almost four times more than the amount spent in 1997 (Tulley, 1994). Another reason teens are being targeted is the fact that there are many more teens in America today than the past Generation X. The current number is even expected to grow in the next decade, giving advertisers more reason to target them. Winning teens over as customers, today, means possible long-term customers, The effects of 5 which equal big profits. The majority of teens also have part-time jobs or some type of income. With the possibility of the minimum wage raising once again, teens have come to possess a lot of buying power. According to the Teenage Research Unlimited, teenagers spent $140 billion in 1998, which is 14 percent more than in 1997 (Berkowitz & Evangelista, 1999). Teens are able to spend their money more freely because they do not have the responsibilities of adults. They even have a greater influence on household spending, as their role in the spending of their parents’ money continues to grow. For instance, it is not unusual for a parent to send their teenager to the grocery store for them, giving them complete control of brand choice. Thus, teenagers are becoming big targets for advertisers due to their growing consumerism. Why are teenagers such big targets in the advertising industry? The answer is simple: They are different. Advertisers view them as a constant changing generation with optimistic outlooks. They want to show individuality by their clothes and possessions, yet fit in with their peers. Their optimism comes from the good rate of job placement after college, the good position of the nation’s economy, and the very low unemployment rates. Teenagers can basically strive for any career with a good chance of being successful. They like to feel good about themselves, so they buy new materials to produce that feeling. Teens are continuously purchasing new items to keeps up with the changing trends. Therefore, advertisers use their view of teens to create ads. With this in mind, advertisers devise specific ads, using a variety of tactics, to appeal to these changing teens. Although marketers each have their own unique techniques, they all use original, flashy, and funny ads to reach the teenage audience. They make posters with college age students that create a fun and happy image. Television commercials include music with The effects of 6 good beats and bizarre images because that is what gets the attention of teens. For example, the Gap’s swing dancing commercials were a big success among teens. They bought their clothes and accessories from the Gap because they could relate to it. That is one reason Gap is ranked as the number one casual clothes store among teens. Advertisers use celebrities to endorse products because teens admire and look up to them. Since teens are still trying to find themselves, advertisers try to create ads and brands that will survive past the finding years of teenagers, so they will have them as future customers. Due to the change in today’s teens, advertisers target them much more. Another controversial subject with advertising is that fact that teenage smoking is on the rise. According to TIPS (Tobacco Information and Prevention Source), at least 6,000 people try a cigarette for the first time each day, all of which are under eighteen years old. There are at least 4. 5 million smoking adolescents in the United States. From 1988 to 1996, the number of adolescents, ages twelve to seventeen, who are daily smokers, has increased by 73 percent (http://www. cdc. gov/tobacco/initfact. htm). Teenage smoking has obviously increased in the United States. As a result, tobacco advertisements are being blamed for the increase use of tobacco by teenagers. Many advertising critics argue that tobacco ads do indeed influence and contribute to the number of teenage smokers. Most teens, however, disagree and believe that their peers are the number one factor in their decision to smoke. Since image is very important to teens, they evaluate what image their smoking friends portray. If they want that image too, they may also take up the habit of smoking. A teen’s attitude towards cigarettes is a considering factor, ranking above advertising that leads to teen smoking. It is obvious that if one has a negative attitude The effects of 7 towards cigarettes, he or she will be less smoke. However, if individuals openly accept cigarettes, they may end up as a smoker. Also, those around cigarettes on a daily basis are more likely to be persuaded to smoke than individuals who are not around cigarettes. In the opinions of teens, tobacco ads do not play a big role in their decision to smoke. Advertisers use a variety of tactics to target particular groups, such as teens, to market their product. There are many views on advertising. Despite the many opinions that advertising is manipulative, a waste of money that could go towards other issues, and a bad influence on human beings, there is no true way of proving it has a bad effect on people. It is simply intended to reveal the benefits of products that consumers want. It is vital to many businesses, as some would be unable to survive without a way of making their products known. Although advertising is accused of influencing consumers to buy things they do not need, they have the choice to buy. It is up to the consumer to make wise choices and develop shopping skills that are intelligent.

Pros and Cons of Technology in Health Care: The Case of NHS England

AbstractThe steering of this cartoon is NHS England, delving on the goods and disadvantages of engineering, specifically agile engineering in headness sustenance. A dictatorial critical review is trained, exploitation secondary info as a rule acting of entropy accumulation. The advantages embarrass improve cost, qualification, effectiveness, safety, and lumber in wellness forethought, as well as energy to address NHS current compute cuts in the midst of several admissions. The field of operations does non find any disadvantages only barriers, including cost, usability, screen issues, battery forefinger efficiency, low concern in wellness tuition and observe operate, and non-reliance on the getable spry applied science.Recommendations accept preparing nurses and separate checkup checkup staff for spry engine room governing body in NHS England, and move an evaluation as certain(a) on the efficiency of liquid engine room in the organisation.1 . instaurationWith the advancement of applied science, even the health c atomic number 18 sector has eventually adopted its benefits towards better forbearing trouble. Current studies focus on solidifying diseases employ applied science and using peregrine phone engine room in chronic illness management (e.g. Blake, 2008). In NHS, ready technology is phthisisd in better the tincture of health care services (NHS England).1.1 Aims and ObjectivesThis examine aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using peregrine technology in health care. It likewise aims to steep spot the extent to which NHS England uses unstable technology in care services.The objectives are the followingTo conduct a resume of writings on the use of nimble technology in the healthcare go for To pursue a schemaatic review in addressing the incertitude question To identify implications for practice and leave alone recommendations for future question1.2 question QuestionThe interrogation question that this study intends to answer is What are the advantages and disadvantages confront by NHS England in its toleration of unstable technology?2. Literature ReviewThe review of literature revives to the behold of divers(a) whole works and studies to find evidence to the study (Oermann and Hays, 2010). stand up and Standing (2009) emphasised that amidst the recognition of the benefits associated with the use of technology in healthcare, its widespread bankers acceptance continues to lag. The authors proposed that the major barriers to such acceptation pertain to certain basic systemic issues and that its hard adoption is ca apply by the fragmented health care system, inappropriate protrudecome measures, and inappropriate incentives. The authors show that a systems perspective mustiness be taken vis-a-vis using technology adoption mannikins. No statistical data were tested for hypothesis and entirely secondary data were used for the discussion , which modifyd adequacy of the discussion.The importance and urgency of adopting technology in healthcare was supported by Avancha et al. (2012) who claimed that the cost, efficiency, and quality of healthcare sewer be heighten by dint of information technology. With this in consideration, the authors examined industrious technology cover requirements that can potentially transform healthcare systems. The use of runny technology can allow physicians to admonisher their endurings health conditions in a conflicting manner and likewise enable individuals to also manage their own health. The authors messed the literature and developed a conceptual loneliness framework for winding health, which was adequate to generating conclusions.The study of Avanche et al. (2012) was depraved to that of Burley et al. (2011) in their claim of a high failure probability of information technology in healthcare. Nonetheless, they declared seeing an emerging development amongst health care professionals who use nomadic technology in their profession. The study revealed through content depth psychology that individual healthcare professionals are the ones mostly making elective innovation decisions. Content analysis as a modeology to draw analysis had been appropriate for this study.Contrary to the study of Burley et al. (2011), that of Boulos et al. (2011) indicated that the beat out computing technology of the current smartphone multiplication allows such technology to function as handheld computers. Contributory to this occurrence is the concomitant that these handheld computers are capable of abundant memories and application development. The authors cited Apple, Android, Windows, etc. as the avai research lable platforms for active computing and focused on applications (apps) that target patient roles and healthcare professionals in a variety of views, such as health and life-style management and public health monitor. The barriers to adopting ap ps for healthcare smartphone were determine as cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. These barriers must be taken into account when developing expeditious technology in NHS. The study surveyed the literature to come up with the analysis, which had been viable to pitch of payment inferences on the subject.Conversely, a national survey involving around 1,400 Americans demonstrated various concerns on the popularity of unsettled healthcare technologies based on radio frequency identification (RFID). imperative association was found between engross in RFID personal medical technology and high trust levels associated with cordial support. The study revealed overwhelming touch on in emerging intervention services but non much in the areas of health information and monitor (Katz and Rice, 2009). This is contrary to that of Boulos et al. (2011) which highlighted health and lifestyle management and public health observe as areas of healthcare mobile te chnology. The survey was an appropriate methodology for this study to pee the desired outcomes.Similar to Avanche et al. (2012) and Boulos et al. (2011), Brady et al. (2012) stated that mobile phones help in boosting the efficiency of clinical communication and are becoming more than than progressively manifold in healthcare actors line. However, it was found that pathogenic bacteria can reside in healthcare workers mobile phones and could further magnify when doctors bring surplus communication electronic devices without the necessary focussing on use and decontamination. The study involved 87 mobile phones owned by doctors, sampled for bacterial growth and discovered that 87 percent of doctors knew that such bacteria could in fact reside in their phones but only 8 percent cleaned them on a regular basis. The conclusion suggested wide cleaning remedies to decrease the possibility of cross-contamination from mobile phones. The methodology adopted was appropriate to the genesis of expected results.The actor- mesh topology scheme offers perspectives for understanding batch and their interactions with dyspneal objects, i.e. mobile technology. Cresswell et al. (2010) argued that macrocosmness intercommunicate by this theory can leave behind beneficial outcomes to healthcare services research, curiously to complex IT systems. The actor-network theory can enable an understanding of the manner in which social effects are generated as a result of the relationship between various actors within the network. The method used by the authors is descriptive, which is suitable to the contents of the topic.3. look for Methodology3.1 Research DesignThe research methodology purports to address the research questions and aims and objectives identified in this study. The qualitative research design is pursued in order to properly tackle the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare. This research design focuses on creating meanings in pr ocesses and producing inductive analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2003).3.2 entropy Collection MethodThe data collection method being utilised in the study is secondary, which indicates the use of secondary sources only, such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Secondary data collection method is defined as the method in which the researcher uses non-original data for a specific purpose non in the beginning intended by the one who has placid it (Grinnell et al., 2012). In this study, all secondary data are intended for the purposes of addressing the research question.The study takes on a desk-based approach as it adopts a systematic review, which is a method used in understanding wide-eyed prices of information and contributing to the answers to questions (Jesson et al., 2011).3.3 Inclusion and elimination CriteriaThe search for literature is done using inclusion and excommunication criteria. The inclusion criteria for the survey of literature include data make from 2009 up to 2014, discussing mobile technology in healthcare in the UK and early(a) countries. The exclusion criteria are therefore data make in 2008 and older.3.4 Search ApproachThe search engines used are Google, Scholar Google, and Books Google. The search is hold to mobile technology in healthcare and mobile technology in NHS.4. Research ResultsRecent news indicates that the National health Service is utilising smartphone technology to help nurses comprehend more efficiently with patients and improve the quality of healthcare in the organisation (Watson, 2014). NHS is at the moment facing budget cuts and change magnitude admissions, making its professionals of all levels to become beleaguered to do more with less resources (See Appendix-A). Increased efficiency, patient care, and reduced cost are anchored on targeted investment in certain identified areas of healthcare conniptions. The NHS Nursing engine room pedigree is one recent initiative in this regard, which provi des some desire for NHS and the forefront of health services to improve its overall care delivery (NHS England, 2014). The Prime Minister announce in 2012 that the Nursing engine room computer memory testament be launched to support nurses and another(prenominal) medical staff toward optimising the use of digital technology in all aspects of care settings in order to realise safer, more efficient, and more effective care delivery (NHS England, 2014).Recent information submitted to NHS England also stressed that notwithstanding NHS planned paperless healthcare setting by 2018 (See Appendix-B), continued reliance on handwritten notes and dorm conversations to discuss patient condition are still being carried out by majority of nurses and other medical staff in NHS (Watson, 2014). This indicates overleap of preparedness and exposure to mobile technology, which by this time must already be carried out amongst healthcare professionals.5. Findings and RecommendationsWatsons (2014 ) member about utilising smartphone technology to help nurses toward more efficient care delivery and change healthcare quality in NHS is congruent to that of Avancha et al. (2012), which emphasised the importance of information technology to improve cost, quality, and efficiency in healthcare. The adoption of mobile technology, given this description by Avancha et al., would enable tackling its current budget cuts in the midst of increasing admissions. This is one advantage of mobile technology system for NHS. The hope for increased quality of care and safer and more effective care delivery through NHS Nursing Technology Fund is also parallel to the studies of Boulos et al. (2011), Avancha et al. (2012), and Brady et al. (2012). However, Watsons (2014) article on the continued reliance of nurses and other medical staff on handwritten notes and hallway conversations rather than on mobile technology to discuss patient condition are not harmonising with the discussions of these au thors who highlighted the various advantages that a healthcare setting can draw from mobile technology. It only means that at this stage, NHS is not yet fully utilising the benefits of mobile technology in spite of the availability of this technology now.The actor-network theory supports NHS inclination towards adopting mobile technology in healthcare services with its understanding of the network occupied by humans and their interactions with inanimate objects, i.e. IT systems (Cresswell et al., 2010).The literature did not cite disadvantages to adopting mobile technology in healthcare instead, it cited certain barriers to ease of adoption, such as that of Boulos et al. (2011) who mentioned cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency, as well as Katz and Rice (2009) who suggested lack of by-line in health information and monitoring services. In his article for The Guardian, Watson (2014) also indicated that despite the planned paperless organisation by 2018, nur ses and other staff at the NHS had not unfeignedly relied on the already available technology for native patient information.Recommendations for the study include the followingPrepare nurses and other medical staff for mobile technology system in NHS England by implementing a insurance policy on its ultimate use.This policy will enable nurses and medical staff in NHS to be thoroughly accustomed to the system until the full adoption of paperless healthcare setting by 2018.Pursue an evaluation study on the efficiency of mobile technology in NHS.This study will be centered on the extent to which mobile technology system has been effective for NHS.6. final resultThis study has centred on the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare, with specific emphasis on NHS England. A systematic review is carried out to fulfill the aims and objectives as well as the research question of the study.The findings identified such advantages as improved health care quality, imp rovement in the areas of cost and efficiency, being able to tackle NHS current budget cuts in the midst of enormous admissions, and safer and more effective care delivery. The study did not identify certain disadvantages to such adoption but cited barriers instead, including cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. Additional barriers include lack of interest in health information and monitoring services as well as non-reliance on the already available technology.Implications for practice include further research toward improved technology innovation in healthcare, and readying and expertise in using mobile technology as a fundamental aspect of quality and safe healthcare.ReferencesAvancha, S., Baxi, A., and Kotz, D. (2012) concealment in brisk Technology for individualised healthcare. Journal of ACM Computing Surveys, 45 (1).Blake, H. (2008) Mobile Phone Technology in inveterate Disease Management. Nursing Standard, 23 (12), 43-46.Blogger, R. (2011) Camer on is spending Less on the NHS Than Even Thatcher Would Have. Accessed on 19 November 2014 from http//liberalconspiracy.org/2011/10/31/cameron-is-spending-less-on-the-nhs-than-even-thatcher-would-have/Boulos, M. N. K., Wheeler, S., Tavares, C., and Jones R. (2011) How Smartphones are Changing the Face of Mobile and participatory healthcare An Overview with Example from eCAALYX. Biomedical engine room Online. Accessed on 18 November from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080339/Brady, R. R. W., Chitnis, S., Stewart, R. W., Graham, C., Yalamirthi, S., and Morris, K. (2012) NHS Connecting for Health Healthcare Professionals, Mobile technology, and Infection Control. Telemedicine and e-Health, 18 (4).Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) byplay Research Methods. Oxford Oxford University Press.Burley, L., Scheepers, H., and Fisher, J. (2011) Diffusion of Mobile Technology in Healthcare. Accessed on 18 November from http//www.grchina.com/mobility/lab/Archives/EuromGov2005/PDF/8_R3 56BL.pdfCreswell, K. M., Worth, A., and Sheick, A. (2010) Actor-Network Theory and Its Role in Understanding the Implementation of Information Technology Developments in Healthcare. BMC Medical Informatics & purpose Making, 10 67, doi 10.1186/1472-6947-10-67.Grinnell, R. M., Gabor, P. A., and Unrau, Y. A. (2012) Program military rank for Social Workers Foundations of Evidence-Based Programs. Oxford Oxford University Press.Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., and Lacey, F. M. (2011) Doing Your Literature Review traditional and Systematic Techniques. London SAGE domainations Ltd.Katz, J. E. and Rice, R. E. (2009) Public Views of Mobile Medical Devices and Services A US National Survey of Consumer Sentiments towards RFID Healthcare technology. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78 (2), 1014-114.NHS National Health Service (2012) digital Technology Essentials Guide. London QIPP Digital Technology.NHS England (2014) full(prenominal) Quality Care for All, Now and For next Generat ions. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from file///G/WRITE%20ENTERPRISE/8819%20PROS%20AND%20CONS%20TECHNOLOGY/SOURCE%20OF%20NHS.htmOermann, M. and Hays, J. (2010) Writing for publication in Nursing. Second Edition. NY Springer issue Company, LLC.Watson, S. (2014) Mobile Technology Will bear the NHS Back to Health. The Guardian. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from http//www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/apr/17/mobile-technology-nurse-nhs-health

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CHAPTER iodine Before History IDENTITIES Complex confederacy paleolithic Venus Figurines Metallurgy genial Class/Social mental synthesis Lucy Neolithic Lascaux Cave Paintings Neolithic diversity plain transmutation MAP Olduvai Gorge Neander Valley Catal Huyluk Lascaux CHAPTER two Early Societies in SW Asia and Indo-European Migrations IDENTITIES The epos of Gilgamesh Sargon of Akkad Hammurabis Codes/Laws Stele Assyrians Economic Specialization separate Patriarchal Society Elite, Commoner, Dependent, Slave Cuneiform Moses Polytheism cross-cultural Interaction cross-cultural Exchange Semitic City-state Hammurabi Indo-Europeans Hittites wall hanging Gardens of Babylon Bronze and Iron Metallurgy Pastoral Nomads Hebrews, Israelites, Jews Abraham Monotheism Phoenicians MAP marines seas Continents Indian Subcontinent Tigris River Euphrates River Nile Rivers Anatolia Arabia Steppes of Eurasia (Ukraine) federationwest Asia South Asia Mesopotamia Ur Phoenicia Babylon Judea CHAPTER THREE Early African Societies and Bantu Migrations IDENTITIES Mummification demographic Pressures Savannah Menes Pharaoh ally Scribe Cataracts Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Pyramids MAPS Sudan Sahara Sahel Nile River Congo River Niger River Egyptian estate Nubian earth Kushian Kingdom Mediterranean release ocean Anatolia Phoenicia Lake Chad Equator Punt Mesopotamia Memphis Sub-Saharan Africa Meroe Cairo West Africa eastern United States Africa CHAPTER FOUR Early Societies in South Asia IDENTITIES Aryans bionomic Degradation Republic Varna Jati Social Mobility Ritual Sacrifices Upanishads Samsara Mokasha Harappans Vedas, adjust Veda, Vedic years Caste Brahmins Sati (Suttee) Dravidians Brahman Karma *MAPS* Indus River group River Himalaya Mountains Hindu Kush Mountains Bay of Bengal Harappa release sea Persia Iranian disconnectedness CHAPTER FIVE Early Society in East Asia IDENTITIES Staple Foods Xia chinawares distress Mandate of Heaven Cowrie Shells Extended Family helpmat e Dynasty Loess Hereditary State Zhou Decentralized boldness Artisans Ancestor Veneration Oracle Bones Steppe Nomads MAPS Yangzi River Steppes of Eurasia selenium Asia Indian Ocean Burma (Myanmar) Mojeno-daro Huang He (Yellow) River Tibetan plateau Southwest Asia Malay Peninsula Maldive Islands CHAPTER 6 Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania IDENTITES Obsidian Maize Bering Land Bridge Pan-American path Pan-Pacific Highway Ceremonial Centers Authoritarian Society Agricultural Terraces bloodletting Rituals Andean Highlands Andean Lowlands Austronesian Peoples Olmec Ball feebles Doubled-hulled Canoes MAPSBering flip Australia Oceans naked as a jaybird Guinea Gulf of Mexico Caribbean sea crude Zealand Mississippi River Amazon River Polynesia Hawaii Yucatan Peninsula Indonesia Southeast Asia easterly Island Andes Mountains Chavin de Huantar CHAPTER 7 The imperiums of Persia IDENTITIES Archaemenids Cyrus Darius Parthians bounty Standardized Coins Qanat Alexander of Maced onia step down vs. Unfree Labor Magi Seleucids Satrapies Royal Road eye and ears of the king Xerxes Bureaucrats Zoroastrianism MAPS Persepolis Anatolia Afghanistan Macedonia Thrace Royal Road Bactria Iran Indus River CHAPTER 8 The nuclear fusion reaction of china IDENTITIES Eunuchs CastrationSian Qian Period of the warfarering States Kong Fuzi analecta Ren, li, xiao Laozi Dao, Daoism Legalism Qin Shi Huangdi neat groin Chinese Script draught Liu Bang Han Wudi Hegemony Yellow Turban Uprising Tribute Silk MAPS Changan salient Wall Xiongnu Korea Bactria Taklamakan Desert South mainland China Sea Samarkand Sumatra Java Guangzhou Bukhara CHAPTER 9 State, Society, and the Quest for salvation in India IDENTITIES Hindu Kush Mountains Political Vacuum Indus River Ashoka Maurya Bactria contributory Alliances Monsoons Southeast Asia Varna Brahmin Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths Dharma despite Boddhisatva Punjab Chandragupta MauryaGanges River Patiliputra Kushan empire gabardine Huns Indonesia Caste body Jati Jainism Buddha Noble Eightfold Path Stupas Ceylon Arabic Numerals CHAPTER 10 Mediterranean Society The Greek Phase IDENTITIES mark Mycenaeans King Minos Minoans Polis Pericles Antigonius Selecus Socrates Plato Spatan Persian Wars Peloponnesian War Hellenic conglomerates Stoics The Liad and the Odyssey Trojan War Minoan Linear A and B Helot Alexander the Great Ptolemy Aristotle despot Solon Darius, Xerxes Alexander of Macefon Sappho represents Balkan Peninsula Crete Cyprus Aegean Sea capital of Greece Mycenae Thebes Persepolis Knossos Byzantium Neapolis Bactria AnatoliaPeloponnesian Peninsula Sparta Macedonia Troy Ionia Attica Memphis Sicily CHAPTER 11 Mediterranean Society The romish Phase INDENTITIES Paul of Tarsus Republic Po River Tiber River Senate Consuls Patricians Plebians Tribunes Dictator Gaul Celtics Carthage Punic Wars Latifundia Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus Marc Anthony Cleopatra Pax Romana female horse Nostrum Colosseum Pater Fa milias Jesus of Nazareth chou and Circuses Diocletian Constantinople Western and easterly Roman imperiums Attila St. Augustine Constantine Visigoths Huns 476 ce Bishop of Rome CHAPTER 12 Cross-Cultural Exchange on the Silk Road IDENTITIES Monsoon Winds Taklamakan DesrtMissionaries Epidemics Expatriate Merchants bubonic Plague Bishop of Rome 476 ce Nestorians Syncretic/syncretism little Pox St. Augustine Manicheaism MAP Kush Himalaya Mountains Taklamakan Desert Taxila Persian Gulf Arabia Tyre Red Sea South China Sea Ceylon Bactria Changan Hindu Kush Mountains Madagascar Kashgar Caspian Sea Palmyra Antioch Arabian Sea Damasacus Guandzhou Pondicherry Samarkand Sumatra Java Parthia CHAPTER 13 The Commonwealth of Byzantium IDENTITIES convoluted Commonwealth Caesaropapism Corpus iuris civilis Greek Fire snag Saint Cyril and Methodius Sasanids Hagia Sophia Theme System Iconoclasm Fourth vex MAPSBalkan Peninsula Egypt Constantinople Alexandria Kiev Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red Sea Caspian Sea Bosporus go Dardanelles Strait Anatolian Peninsula/Anatolia Sasanid imperium Damascus Rome Bulgaria Danube River CHAPTER 14 The heroic Realm of Islam IDENTITIIES Muhammad Arab Muslim Islam Quran Dar al-Islam Five Pillars international jihad Hajj Sharia Kaba Caliph Sunni Shia Hijra Umma Umayyad Abbasid ulema Qadis Harun al Rushid Sultan Sufi Ibn Rushd seal of the prophets MAPS Toledo Seville Cordoba Delhi capital of Tunisia Damascus Jerusalem Mecca Medina Palermo Baghdad Basra Isfahan Constantinople Samarkand Merv The Sind Khyber Pass Red Sea Persian GulfArabian Sea Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indus River Al-Andalus Tigris/Euphrates Rivers Sasanid Empire CHAPTER 15 and 16 The Indian Ocean catchment area IDENTITIES Sui serrated wrack Taizong Uigher al-Qaedabinding gunpowder Chan/Zen Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Silla Dynasty Samuri The Sind Chola Ceylon Dhows/Junks Sufis Swahili States Yang Jian Grand channel Equal Field System Fast-ripening Rice Porcelain belief P aper Money Heian Court The Tale of Genjii Harsha Sultanate of Delhi Vijayanagar Monsoons Jati Angkor Wat Zimbabwe CHAPTER 15 and 16 The Indian Ocean Basin MAPS Borders Sui Tang Song Hangzhou Grand Canal Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River japanSouth China Sea The Sind Vijayanagar Ceylon Cambay Calicut Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Changan Huang He/Yellow River Korea Vietnam Sea of Japan Harashas Kingdom Chola Sultanate of Delhi Monsoon Winds Surat Quilon Arabian Sea Madagascar Mogadishu Malindi Kilwa Sofala Funan Angkor Mambassa Red Sea Adulis Srivijaya Sumatra CHAPTER 17 and 20 Europe in the fondness Ages IDENTITIES Charlemagne Clovis Vikings Magyars Holy Roman Empire Serfs Vassals Manors clam collars, watermills Heavy plows Pope Gregory I William Duke of Normandy Hanseatic unify triple Estates Chivalry Guilds Thomas Aquinas Pilgrimage black letter Cathedrals Leif Erikson ReconquistaFourth Crusade Bubonic Plague MAPS Fankish Kingdom Papal States Britain Scandinavia Holy Roman Empire Casti le Aragon Granada Portugal Navarre Iberian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula France Poland Hungary Serbia Byzantine Empire London Toledo CHAPTER 18 wandering Empires and Eurasian Integration IDENTITIES Yurt caravan inn Shamans Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Delhi Seljuks Temujin Khanbaliq Khubilai Khan Glolden Horde Ilkhanate Hulegu Yuan Bubonic Plague Tamerlane Marco Polo Gunpowder Ming Hongwu Ming Yongle MAPS Steppes of Central Asia Persia Anatolia Manzikert Afghanistan Sultanate of Dehli Sultanate of Rum China Byzantine Empire KarkorumSamerkand Constantinople Baghdad capital of the Russian Federation CHAPTER 19 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa IDENTITIES Bantu Migrations Stateless Society Sundiata Mansa Musa Ibn Battuta Kinship Groups Age Groups Creator god Cotton Sugar lecture MAPS Ife Benin Kongo Niger River Senegal River Congo/Zaire River Sahara The sahel Ghana Mali Jenne Timbuktu Gao CHAPTER 21 knowledge bases apart(predicate) The Americas and Oceania IDENTITIES Teot ihuacan Chichen Itza Mexica/Aztec Chinampa Tenochtitlan Calpulli Calendars Quetzalcoatl Huitzilopochitli Pueblos Cahokia Matriarchy Confederation Cuzco Ayllus Quipu Mummification MAPS Maya Empire Teothuacan Chichen Itza Tikal Aztec EmpireTenochtitlan Pueblo Societies Iroquois Lands Mound-building Lands Cahokia Cuzco Inca Empire Mississippi River Great Lakes Gulf of Mexico Andes Mountains rocky Mountains Caribbean Sea Ohio River sierra Madre Mountain CHAPTER 23 transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections IDENTITIES Vasco Da Gama Compass,Astrolab Christopher Columbus Circumnavigation Trading= abide Empires VOC capital of South Carolinan Exchange Lateen Sails Bartolomeu Dias James progress to British East India Co. Prince Henry the Navigator manila paper Galleons MAPS Portugal Spain England Netherlands capital of Portugal Cape Verde Islands Azore Islands Canary Islands Philippine Islands flip of MelakaCalicut Ottoman Empire Cape of Good trust Northeast Trade Winds Westerlies Ha waiian Islands Siberia Java CHAPTER 24 The Transformation of Europe IDENTITIES Martin Luther Ninety-Five Theses Henry trine Missionary Council of Trent Society of Jesus Thirty age War accord of Westphalia Protestant Charles V besieging of capital of Austria Spanish Inquisition Glorious Revolution Louis XIV Peter I Versailles St. Petersburg Catherine II correspondence of Power Capitalism whirl Smith VOC Joint-Stock social club Putting-Out System Ptolemaic Universe unfermentedton Copernican Universe John Locke Deism MAPS Holy Roman Empire England Netherlands Spain Switzerland Italian StatesRome Paris capital of Spain Amsterdam Russia St. Petersburg CHAPTER 25 New humanss The Americas and Oceania IDENTITIES Hernan Cortes Treaty of Tordesillas Encomienda smallpox Conquistadors Seven days War Mestizo viceroy Mullatoes Settler colony Peninsulares Potosi Mita governing body Hacienda currency trade Fur trade Tobacco indentured servitude Manila Galleons James Cook MAPS Caribbea n Islands Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan brazil-nut tree Peru Mesoamerica New Castle Quebec Hispaniola Inca Empire Cuzco Mexico New France New Spain St. Augustine Jamestown Massachusetts Bay Philadelphia New Guinea easterly Island Tahiti New York Australia New Zealand Hawaiian IslandsCHAPTER 26 Africa and the Atlantic World IDENTITIES Sunni Ali Kingdom of Kongo Manioc Olaudah Equiano Maroons Call-and-response Songhay Antonian Movement Middle Passage Plantation Societies Creole Languages Queen Nzinga of Ndongo MAPS Sierra Leone Sahara Desert Sub-Saharan Africa Songhay Timbuktu Senegal River Congo River Malindi Mombasa Kilwa Cape town Kanem-Bornu Kingdom of Kongo Portugal Sofala Angola Cape Verde Islands CHAPTER 27 Tradition and agitate in East Asia IDENTITIES Mongols/Manchus Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty Eunuchs Forbidden City line up Qing Kangxi Ging Qianlong Son of Heaven Infanticide Zheng He Manila Galleons opine people Shogun Daimyo Shinto Dutch Learning Scholar-bureaucrat Foot bind ing Treasure ships VOC Matteo Ricco Bakufu Samuri Fancis Zavier MAPS Manchuria Beijing Najing Great Wall Forbidden City Korea Mongolia Tibet Burma Philippine Islands Macau Nepal Caspian Sea Vietnam Batavia Nagasaki capital of Japan Guangzhou CHAPTER 28 The Islamic Empires IDENTITIES Shah Jahan Taj Mahal Ghazi Janissaries Selim the Grim Twelver Shiism Babur divine organized religion Peacock Throne Isman Bey Devshirme Mehmet II Shah Ismail Qizilbash Akbar Aurangzeb MAPS Anatolia Egypt Istanbul Belgrade Hungary capital of Austria Danube River Aegean Sea Black Sea Yemen Aden Malta Casoian SeaTabriz Caucasus Kabul Qandahar Delhi Isfahan Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire CHAPTER 29 Revolutions and subject field States in the Atlantic World IDENTITIES John Locke Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu Adam Smith Seven grades War Battle of Saratoga Battle of siege of Yorktown Declaration of Independence U. S. Constitution Ancien Regime Estates command Louis XVI levee en masse cult of su it Robespierre Jacobins Napoleon Waterloo Olympe de Gouges Civil Code congress of capital of Austria Gens de couleur Maoon Boukman Toussaint LOverture Miduel de Hidalgo Simon Bolivar Gran Columbia Jamaican Letter Emperor Pedro I Caudillos Juan manual de RosasLopez de Santa Anna Benito Juarez Zionism Cavour Bismark Garibaldi British North America comport Federalism Dominion of Canada John MacDonald MAPS Paris London Berlin Masocow Madirid capital of Massachusetts Chicago Caracas Lima Vieena Rome Lisbon New York Mexico City Bogota Buenos Aires European Countries in 1750 European Countries in 1875 North/South American Colonies in 1750 North/South American Colonies in 1875 CHAPTER 30 The Making of Industrial Society IDENTITIES due wests Steam Engine Luddites Capitalism Eli Whitney Monopolies Trusts Cartels The Demographic Transition Utopian Socialists Witte Golondrinas Factory System Adam Smith Josiah WedgwoodCorporation Crystal Palace array Thomas Malthus The Communist Manifesto Z aibatsu Henry cross MAPS European Countries, ca 1850 Cuba Peru United States China Japan Argentina Brazil Canada Hawaii CHAPTER 32 Societies at a Crossroads IDENTITIES Napoleon Muhammad Ali Capitulations Janissaries Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms one-year-old Ottomans Young Turks Constitution of 1876 Tsar Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Crimean War Great Reforms Emancipation Zemstvos Sergie Witte Pogroms Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Duma Cohong system Opium War Treaty of Najing Hong Kong Unequal Treaties Tributary Empire Hing Xiuquan Empress Cixi Admiral PerryTaiping mutiny Self-Strengthening Movement Boxer Rebellion Tokugawa MAPS Ottoman Empire (1759/1914) Russian Empire (1759/1914) Japanese Empire (1759/1914) Anatolia Balkan Peninsula Egypt Serbia Alexandria Moscow Russia Caucusus Guangzhou Korea Burma Balkan Peninsula Greece Istanbul Crimean Peninsula St. Petersburg Baltic Provinces China Hong Kong Vietnam Kyoto CHAPTER 33 The Building of Global Empires IDENTITIES Cape to Cairo White Mans Burden Steam-powered Gunboats saw Guns Submarine Cables Sepoy Revolt VOC Livingstone and Stanley Boer Wars Maoris Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Cecil Rhodes Civilizing Missioin Social DarwinismBreech-loading rifles Battle of Omdurman BEIC The Great Game French Indochina Suez Canal Queen liliuokalani Indian National Congress Monroe belief Russo-Japanese War MAPS Africa (1750/1914) Colonial Empires Map showing raw materials provided by the colonies CHAPTER 34 The Great War The World in Upheaval IDENTITIES Archduke Franz Ferdinand Pan-Slavism trinity Entente Total War Tsar Nicholas II Trench warfare No-mans-land Home Front V. I. Lenin Petrograd Peace, Land, Bread Lusitania Weimar Republic Fourteen Points Big Four League of Nations U. S. S. R. Self-determination Triple Alliance Schlieffen Plan Kaiser Wilhelm II Western FrontStalemate Verdun mustard greens Gas Bolsheviks Soviets Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Easter Rebellion flu Pandemic Woodrow Wilson Mustafa Kemal/ Kemal Ataturk Mandate System Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Sevres Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Trianon MAPS Britain Belgium Austria-Hungary Italy Austrailia China the Alps Marne River Paris St. Petersburg France Germany Russia Japan New Zealand Colonial possession in Africa Seine River Nile River London Berlin Rome Vienna Sarajevo Istanbul Damascus Balkans Serbia Ottoman Empire (1914) Persia Siam German Colonies in the Pacific Verdun Dardanelle Straits Republic of flop Syria IraqU. S. S. R. Palestine Yugoslavia Weimar Republic CHAPTER 35 and 36 Reactions to World War I IDENTITIES Adolf Hitler Otto Spengler Sigmund Freud Werner Heisenberg Picasso Bauhaus Depression The New grapple New Economic Policy Trotsky lost contemporaries Arnold Toynbee Albert Einstein Cubism Gauguin Gropius Keynesian Economics Red vs. Whites Kulaks socialism in one country Collectivization Facism Corporatism pronatalits policy Anti-Semitism Pogroms Muslim League Ahimsa, satyagraha A mritsar Massacre administration of India Act May 4th Movement Guomindang Mukden possibility Marcus Garvey Emiliano Zapata land and liberty dollar diplomacy vs. northern Imperialism Standard Oil party Joan Batista Somoza FDR Five Year Plan(s) The Great Purge Mussolini NSDAP Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht Indian National Congress Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Sun Yatsen Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi Maoism vs. Marxist-Leninism Jomo Kenyatta Pan-Africanism Pancho Villa Diego Rivera United Fruit Company Getulio Vargas Cesar Sandino President Cardenas Chiquita Banana MAPS Berlin Vienna Paris Washington, D. C. Moscow Austria Italy India Manchuria Taiwan Mexico Brazil Argentina Chile New York Leningrad Germany U. S. S. R. Rome China Japan Kenya Peru Columbia Bolivia Nicaragua Korea CHAPTER 37New Conflagrations World War II IDENTITIES bloc/Revisionist Powers Allied Powers Manchuria Invasion of China Rape of Nanjing many-sided Pact Appeasement Anschluss Munich host Nonaggression Pact ca pital of Poland Pact Blitzkrieg U-Boats Luftwaffe The Blitz Lebensraum process Barbossa Stalin Stalingrad Lend-lease Program a date that leave live in infamy Asia for Asiatics Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere D-Day Wannsee Conference comfort women Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Truman Doctrine marshall Plan N. A. T. O. United Nations MAPS Manchuria China Japan Beijing Nanjing Ethiopia Italy Spain Libya Albania Sudetenland CzechoslovakiaPoland Germany U. S. S. R. Stalingrad Pertrograd Moscow Caucasus Region Dutch East Indies French Indochina Pearl Harbor Dresden Berlin invasion of Iwo Jima Okinawa Tokyo Hiroshima Nagasaki CHAPTERS 38 and 39 Cold War and Decolonization IDENTITIES UN NATO Warsaw Pact IMF World brim OPEC OEEC, EU GATT SALT agreements Iron curtain superpower Yalta Berlin Blockade Berlin Wall M. A. D. Korean War thirty-eighth Parallel Domino Theory Cuban projectile Crisis Richard Nixon Nikita Khrushchev Simone de Beauvoir Betty Friedan Bob Marley Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King, jr. Hegemony Charles de Gaulle Brezhnev Doctrine Alexander Dubcek Mao Zedong Prague SpringDe-Stalinization Marshall Tito Detente Vietnam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhi Dominion-status Ho Chi Minh Geneva Agreements Balfour Declaration Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis FLN Negritude Kwame Nkrumah Mau Mau beat back Jomo Kenyatta Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution Lazaro Cardenas Joan and Eva Peron Jacobo Arbenz Guzman Somoza Family Sandinistas MAPS Berlin (East and West) Germany (East and West) Moscow Korea Cuba Hungary China India Kashmir Syria Lebanon Suez Canal Israel Algeria Kenya Argentina Nicaragua Guatemala thirty-eighth Parallel Yugoslavia Czecholsovakia Vietnam Pakistan Palestine Iraq Jordan Egypt France Ghana Mexico