Child Care Case Study Social Work Essay

Child C are Case Study Social wee EssayHigh profile investigations since 2000 highlight failures in child tribute (Laming, 2003 and Laming, 2009), causing nationwide concern, media comment and public debate and putting companionable cogitation under the microscope. ciphering Together to Safeguard Children A Guide to Inter-agency drilling to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children (H M Government, 2010) sets out how organisations and individuals should relieve one egotism together to vindication and conjure up the welfare of children in accordance with the Children Act, 1989 and the Children Act, 2004. The memorial sets out statutory guidance from primary legislation and responsibilities for professionals and agencies.The Children Act, 1989 is designed to help keep children safe and wellspring and, if necessary, help a child to live with their family by providing run appropriate to the childs pauperisations. It roves a general duty of every local authority to safegu ard and foster the welfare of children in their area who are in need. Section 17 defines a child in need as a child who is unlikely to achieve or maintain, or to have the opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or education without the home name for him/her of services by a local authority or his/her health or development is likely to be materially impaired, or further impaired without the provision for him/her of much(prenominal)(prenominal) services or he/she is disabled (H M Government, 1989, section 17)The local authority has a duty to ascertain whether Sean and Laura are in need of an initial assessment addressing whether there are concerns about impairment to the childrens health and development (HM Government, 2010). Learner and Rosen (2002) describe that the duty of the referral and assessment team is to ascertain the degree of need of the child and the degree of danger to the child.The genial get goinger may initiate an initial ass essment using the multi agency exemplar for the Assessment of Children in deficiency and their Families (DoH, 1999b) which must be completed in spite of appearance a maximum 10 days from the referral. If there was evidence that the children were suffering or likely to suffer significant harm, the friendly conk outer would then investigate this and conduct a core assessment under Section 47 (HM Government, 2010). Broadhurst et al (2010) describe that the level of safeguarding reply remains a challenge in loving work as decisions are often made in difficult passel with limited information. rice beer (1996) describe how decisions made by social workers during this initial contact which visit how cases are responded to.Social workers need good card and analytical skills to understand the constitution of the relationships, the signs of noncompliance, to work alongside families, and to come to safe and evidence based judgements about the best fills (Laming, 2009). Intervention is direct social work input that is based on understanding of the situation or problem presented and can involve providing services or trying to effect change in the social milieu in order to improve outcomes (Kadushin 1993). It requires that social workers have clarity in why they are intervening and justification to do so (Doel and Shardlow, 1994). Intervention can be distressing for families so it is paramount that social workers employ a variety of skills, theories and knowledge when making decisions in the process.The common core of skills and knowledge for the children (DfES, 2005) sets out skills to be used when working with children, aiming to promote equality, respect diversity and challenge stereotypes, helping to improve the life chances of all children and to provide more in effect(p) and integrated services. The document acknowledges the rights of children.Sean and Laura are of dual heritage, their culture and context should be considered. Phillips (2002) suggests th at a colour-blind approach, common practice in the 1980s, was actually the process of judging families according to a white and middle class view of normality. This led to an imbalance of power for many service users. The paper Protecting Children (DoH, 1988) challenged this view, recognising that cultural patterns within families will deflect parenting styles and the ways children are reared. Practice was required to change as legislation laid definite responsibilities for local authorities to recognise religion, race, culture and language (DoH, 1988).The Framework for the Assessment of Children in strike and their Families (DoH, 1999b) provides guidelines for white staff who undertake assessments with black children, but all staff should be willing to reflect on their proclaim practice. Race, culture, religion and language are central to childrens identity. Assessments should address identity holistically considering these elements (DoH, 1999a)Sean and Laura lost their mother 3 years ago. Rando (1988) terra firmas children who are bereaved at that age may experience reawakened feelings of childishness, may repress feelings, putting them at risk for grief reactions consistent with Eriksons stages of psychosocial development of inferiority versus industry (Erikson, 1970). Longress (2000) and Anderson et al (1999) describe that there would displace for a child to become industrious and confident during this stage of development and admitting helpless feelings at this time may be difficult. Worden (2002) states when a death of a parent occurs in childhood , the child may not mourn effectively and this may create problems with depression and inabilities to maintain close relationships with others. The role of the impersonate of the lost parent within the family system would give meaning to systemic going away. According to Bolwbys attachment theory, the loss of a parent means a loss of stability, security, nurturing, and viewion (Despelder and Strickland, 2005, Davies, 2004). The childs understanding of the death of a parent can be a shock. Piaget stated that the child can make sense of this process by the formal operating stage of development (Longress, 2000, Berger, 2001). In working with the family, the social worker must understand that the loss of a parent will affect the roles and expectations of those left behind. Gaining better understandings of child an adult reactions to loss and examining it through cultural spots will be important.Trevithick (2005) discusses the importance of non verbal communication, acceptance, empathy, warmth, listening skills, the use of silence and observation in working with children along with asserting that the relationship that is built between practitioner and service user is central to achieving change.It is noted that parents who voluntarily engage with services make more progress while a more coercive approach can deteriorate into an adversarial relationship which blocks progress. Becoming more intrusive carries both gains and losses and so creates a complex decision (Munro, 2011)..Egans SOLER model (Egan, 2002) employs a counselling skills approach to communication and would be of benefit. Engaging in meaningful and interchangeable dialogue allows for collaborative meaning-making and joint-knowledge construction where the social worker is no longer the expert but rather a partner and an equal contributor (White, 2007).A social worker may utilise systems theory, considering how the family, community, economic and political factors affect the children (Hoffman and Salle, 1994). It allows the social worker to consider possibilities for change in the whole system, i.e. pack having quiescence problems has an effect for the family. Systems theory acknowledges strengths i.e. the children have good family links, are involved in the community and a church group and they have had bereavement counselling. Systems theory acknowledges that a change of one part of the system ca n change another part. The limitations of systems theory is that it is descriptive, not explanatory, can disempower individuals as it does not allow for individual business (Kemp et al, 1997).A strengths perspective, which focuses on a belief that however bad things seem, concourse can discover strengths within themselves, may also be used (Mullaly, 1993). The perspective is seen through a role of enhancing personal strengths and resources, helping service users solve both interpersonal and environmental problems, and helping clients mobilise for change (Saleebey, 2003).Consideration of subjugation and discrimination of children would be appropriate. MacDonald and Winkley (2000) discuss the vulnerability of progeny hatful and state that each child has the right to expect that professionals intervening in their lives will do so on the basis of the best available knowledge (MacDonald and Winkley, 2000, page 1). The social worker would need to remain sensitive to power differences and the difficulties that some young masses experience in relating to adults. In terms of the specific interventions chosen, initially these focused on building up trust, as well as attempting to secernate risk factors.Social workers have an obligation to conduct themselves ethically, engaging in ethical decisionmaking, including partnership with service users. The Code of Ethics for Social Work (BASW, 2011), provides a moral code and a regulator of behavior and moves un good between the two. There are moral imperatives that could place social workers in contravention with their employers or government policies i.e. social workers need to challenge ways in which the policies or activities of government, organisations or society create or contribute to structural single out (BASW, 2011, p. 3). In practice, social workers may meet pressures from managers to keep children within the family unit, sometimes resources may mean it is not possibly to challenge service provision, and s ervice provision is met with barriers in eligibility (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006).If social workers are to practice anti-oppressively, they must first understand their roles as oppressors in order to create a space for deeper empathy and understanding. Bishop (2002) argues that ignorance to oppression merely compounds the issue.Section 53 of the Children Act, 2004 gives due consideration to the wishes and feelings of the child as far as is reasonable before determining what services to provide or action to take (H M Government, 2004) Article 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC, 1989) places children as a top priority for services, being child focused.James has been suffering from insomnia and suffering from grief from the loss of his wife. A referral for a mental health assessment may be appropriate for support such as counselling1653 wordsReferencesAnderson, R. E. Carter, I., Lowe, G.R., (1999). Human Behavior in the Social Environment A Social Sys tems Approach. 5th ed. current York Aldine De Gruyter IncBASW The College of Social Work (2011)Accessed 10th February 2011http//dl.dropbox.com/u/3522570/signup/codeofethics.pdfBerger (2001). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. New York, WorthPublishersBishop, A. (2002). Becoming an ally Breaking the cycle of oppression in people (6thed.). Halifax Fernwood Publishing.Broadhurst, K., White, S., Fish, S., Munro, E., Fletcher, K., Lincoln, H. (2010), Ten pitfalls and how to subjugate them what research tells us, NSPCCDalrymple, J. and Burker, B. (2006) Antiopressive practice. Social care and the law. Open University Press.Davies, D. (2004). Child Development A Practitioners Guide. 2nd Edition. New YorkGuilford PressDespelder, L. A. Strickland, A. L. (2005) The Last Dance Encountering Death and Dying. 7th Edition. New York McGraw-Hill.DfES ( Department for Education and Skills) (2005) Common Core of skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce. capital of the United King dom HMSO.Accessesed on 5th February 2011 http//www.cwdcouncil.org.uk/assets/0000/9297/CWDC_CommonCore7.pdfDoel, M. And Shardlow, M, (2005) Modern Social Work PracticeModern Social Work Practice Teaching and Learning in Practice Settings, Ashgate Publishing Limited.DoH (Department of Health) (1988) Protecting Children A guide for social workers undertaking a comprehensive assessment. London TSO.DoH. (Department of Health) (1999) Working Together to Safeguard Children A guide to interagency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. London TSO.DoH (Department of Health). (1999b) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their families. London TSOEgan, G. (2002) The skilled helper A systematic approach to effective helping, Pacific Grove, CA Brookes/Cole.Erikson, E.H. (1970). Reflections on the dissent of contemporary youth., International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 51, 11-22.H M Government (1989) The Children Act London HMSOAccessed on 6th February 2011 athtt p//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contentsH M Government (2004) The Children Act London HMSOAccessed on 7th February 2011 athttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contentsH M Government (2010)Working together to safeguard children a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children, London. Department for Education and SkillsAccessed on 6th February 2010http//www.education.gov.uk/publications//eOrderingDownload/00305-2010DOM-EN.PDFHoffman, K. S., Sallee, A. L. (1994). Social work practice Bridges to change. Boston Allyn BaconKadushin, A. (1993). Whats wrong, whats right, with social work supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 10, ),19.Kemp, S. P., Whittaker, J. K., Tracy, E. M. (1997). Person-environment practice The social ecology of interpersonal helping New York Aldine De Gruyter.Laming, (2003) The Victoria Climbie enquiry a report on the inquiry by Lord Laming. HMSO. Londonhttp//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publ icationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4008654 (accessed 20/10/10)Laming, Lord (2009) The protection of Children in England A progress Report. Norwich HMSOLearner, E. and Rosen, G. (2002) Duty first Developing practice with children and families duty teams, London NISW.Longress, J. E. (2000). Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 3rd Edition. NewYork Peacock Inc.MacDonald, G and Winkley, A (2000) What Works in Child Protection? Summary, Barnardos, EssexMunro, E. (1996) Avoidable and unavoidable mistakes in child protection work, British Journal of Social Work, (1996), vol 26, pp 793-808.Munro, E. (2011) The Munro review of Child protection Interim report The childs jounry. DFES.Accessed on 6th February 2011http//www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DFE-00010-2011Mullaly, R. (1993). Structural social work Ideology, theory, and practice. Toronto, Canada McClelland and StewartPhillips, M. (2002) Issues of ethnicity and culture. In Wilson, K., James, A. (eds) Th e Child Protection Handbook. Edinburgh/London Ballire Tindall.Rando, T. A. (1988). Grieving How to Go on Living When Someone You Love Dies.Canada Lexington Books.Saleebey, D. (2003). Strengths-based practice. In R.A.English (Ed.in Chief) Encyclopedia ofsocial work (19th ed. 2003 supplement, pp. 150-162). Washington, DC NASW Press.Trevithick, P. (2005) Social Work Skills A Practice Handbook, 2nd ed. MaidenheadOpen University Press.UNCRC (1989) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the ChildAccessed on 6th February 2011 athttp//www.getreadyforchange.org.uk/images/uploads/UNCRC_CYP_version.pdfWhite, J. (2007). Working in the midst of ideological and cultural differences Critically reflecting on youth suicide prevention in indigenous communities. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 41(4), 213-227.Worden, J. W. (2002). grief Counseling and Grief Therapy. 3rd Edition. New York Springer Publishing CompanyADULT CARE CASE STUDYThe NHS and Community Care Act 1990, imposes a duty on loc al authorities to carry out an assessment of need for community care services with people who appear to them to need such services and then decide whether those needs call for the provision of services (H M Government, 1990). This makes the task of assessment a key activity as it establishes a persons needs but also if a person meets the criteria or threshold for support (Crisp et al, 2003). Fair Access to Care benefits provides councils with an eligibility framework for adult social care to identify whether or not the duty to provide services under the following legislation is triggered (DoH, 2003)Preparation for assessment involves reading all germane(predicate) information. A lack of knowledge of aged peoples social history may lead to presenting behaviours being misinterpreted and emotional needs ignored (Feil 1992).Tact, sensitivity and empathy must be employed in communicating with Mr and Mrs Smyth as the situation may be very distressing for them. Employing Egans model of S OLER (Egan, 2002) would be useful. The National Framework Service for honest-to-goodness People (DoH, 2001) requires that we recognise and respect the individuality of older people, that we listen to them and encourage their choice about care options. Effective communication is essential to fulfil these requirements (Milne and OByrne, 2002).. Parker and Bradley (2007) state that feelings of powerlessness and humiliation can be provocative for vulnerable people. Social workers should attempt to empower people by communicating openly and by providing as much information as practical (Parker and Bradley, 2007)All people have a desire to be understood, to be accepted and for our lives to have meaning (Howe, 1995). Service users want to be listened to and respected as individuals and have choice and control of their support. Crawford and Walker (2008) state older people share traditional social work values, such as a concern for relationships, and appreciate social work skills, for exa mple, in carrying out comprehensive assessments and regular reviews. Bauld et al (2000) state that people place importance on relationships with professionals and that these relationships impact on their wellbeing. Effective social work with older people draws on distinctive aspects of the social work role, sensitive communication, locomote at the individuals pace, starting where the service user is, supporting through crisis, challenging poor practice, engaging with the individuals biography and promoting strengths and resilience (Crawford and Walker, 2008).The person centred approach explores fundamental skills for effective communication, building on listening skills, congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1957). However, social work involves the use of authority and this opposes unconditional positive regard. It is not always possible for social workers, who have a responsibility to protect not only the service user but also other people, to be non-direc tive, empathetic, unconditionally judge and congruent (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006)Mrs Smyth has cried when talking to the community nurse. It may be that Mrs Smyth is experiencing depression. The white paper, Our Health, Our Care, Our Say (DoH, 2006) acknowledges older people with depression and states that many other supports (i.e. transport, social contacts) must be considered alongside health and social care if practitioners are to make a reality of independence, well-being and choice all of which are often seen as potentially helping to addressing depression and its prevention. Mrs Smyth has new physical problems with which depression also tends to be associated (Copeland et al, 1999) Factors that contribute to depression include loss (e.g. of a relative or of mobility) and social circumstances, such as isolation (ONeill, 1999).The Mental Health Foundation (1999) suggests about 15% of older people experience depression. Literature also suggests that older people are less likely than younger people to take up mental health services (Ashton and Keady, 1999). There is a tendency for professionals and older people treat late life depression as an inevitable consequence of aging (ONeill, 1999). However, there is evidence of the effectiveness of a range of interventions, including environmental changes, psychotherapies and cognitive behavioural therapies, and anti depressant medication (Snowdon, 1998).Maintaining good social relationships is a key to quality of life for older people (Percival, 2010, Bowers, 2009). Yet isolation and aloneness are problems shared by many older people with support needs (Manthorpe and Moriarty, 2010, Cattan and Giuntoli, 2010). Those with mobility, cognitive or sensory impairments are at particular risk of being excluded from social life (Callaghan et al, 2009). Mr Smyth has experienced confusion and Mrs Smyths mobility has decreased.Thompson (2001) describes anti ageism as a dimension of social evaluator which increases active a nd independent lives for older people and that assessment should consider the impact of ageism on peoples lives, including low self esteem and feelings of being a nuisance. Dominelli (2004) states that portraying older people as dependent and in need of care is an ageist construction. Care must be taken to ensure that ageist assumptions are not influencing assessment. As with racism and sexism, if we are not actively swimming against the tide of cultural and institutional ageism we shall be carried along with it, such is the strength of ageist ideology (Thompson, 2001, page 12).Mr and Mrs Smyth are experiencing loss of health. Phillipson (2002) suggests that social work with older people is inseparable from managing loss.The life course involves transitions, including the developmental stages associated with the work of Erikson (1977). Thompson (2002) suggests that an understanding of each transition should be understood, seeing older people in the context of life history stressing the importance of individual life stories and include activities such as reminiscence and storytelling. This approach also takes account of peoples environment and the impact of wider social issues including gender, class and race (Crawford and Walker 2004).Danny is concerned about violence from his father to his mother. The risk of abuse of older people is not a new phenomenon but it has only recently been addressed (Penhale, 2003). Pritchards (2001) study of older abused women highlight the importance they attach to being able to talk to mortal about their experiences. It is important that social workers are trained not only to identify abuse but also to understand and be equipped to work with survivors to address longer term as well as short term practical needs. Danny states that there have been many years of violence. Research conducted to determine older womens understandings of elder abuse has emphasised the importance of looking at the quality of care giving relationships, rather than simply analysing action or behaviour when assessing risk and vulnerability (Morbey, 2002).Social work is complex in these potential risk situations, raising difficult questions about how to balance empowerment with protection. Preston-Shoot (2001) argues that the value of self determination is highly influential in social work practice but should not absolve practitioners from finding ways to protect vulnerable users. The literary productions on elder abuse emphasises the importance of social workers using communication skills e.g. building trust and support assessing, especially the vulnerability of the service user and circumstances of the abuse, providing information about services and consideration of different options protection planning, monitoring and review understanding the law relating to welfare provision, incapacity, common law and criminal justice (Preston-Shoot, 2001). The Social Care Institute of Excellence stated that Improving dignity, respect and human rights should be a priority in all policy development for older people. But to implement these principles social care needs to identify good practice and produce guidance for everyone who works in the sector (SCIE, 2006).Danny and Mr Smyth are providing care to Mrs Smyth. Under the Carers Recognition Act, 1995, they may be entitled to an assessment of their ability to provide care (H M Government, 1995) . We also know that there is a significant group of older people providing care (typically for partners) who may themselves fit the definition of having high support needs (Blood, 2010). Service users and carers are not easily distinguished.The dog needs to be considered. Cusack (1988) states that older people can be deeply affected by the loss of a pet who can be important attachment figures in peoples lives, bringing their owners physical, psychological and social benefits. Garrity et al (1989) discuss how strong pet attachments are linked with decreased depression rates. Danny presently walks the dig every day but Mrs Smyth may be struggling with looking after it. Sensitivity will be needed in addressing this. directly payments were extended to older people in 2000 and are empowering for service users as they have more control over their care provision.They live in a rural community.Viewed from a social model of disability, Mr and Mrs Smyth could have low support needs as they live in accessible housing with enabling technology, within a supportive community1471

UK Health Policies on Obesity

UK wellness Policies on corpulencySocial, economic and industrial changes have changed the patterns of life globally. Changes in diet and physical activity patterns have been central to the fountain of fleshiness among many of the worlds population. obesity was traditionally seen as a disease of high-income countries exactly, but it is now replacing malnutrition and infectious diseases as a problem transcending kind divides. Obesity carries a higher incidence of chronic illness including diabetes, heart disease and finishcer. This paper will critically evaluate the authoritative UK and NI policies aimed at addressing the fleshiness epidemic. There will in addition be a discussion around definition of policies, reference of g everyplacenment in healthc be, previous and current health look at policies regarding obesity in both Britain and Northern Ireland.The official calculation for defining obesity was set by the World health government (WHO) where adults atomic numbe r 18 registered enceinte and obese using a formula of Body Mass Index or (BMI), that is a persons weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squ ard (DWP, 2012). The main re poke outt with using body plentitude index as an indicator is that it does not distinguish fat mass from lean mass so a person could be healthy and have a low body fat, but be clinically overweight if they have a high enough BMI. A person is thought to be overweight if they have a BMI of 25.0 or more and obese if the BMI is 30.0 or more. Obesity has cardinal classifications Class 1 BMI 30 to 34.9 (waist perimeter 102cm plus for males and 88cm plus for females). Person is categorised as overweight Class 2 BMI 35 to 39.9. Person is classed as obese Class 3 BMI 40 and over. Is when a person with a BMI of 40+ is said to be morbidly obese (WHO, 2012).Policy originates from the government that be in power, who be also the legal authority and have a status and guidance over all policy whether they be pri vate or public (Crinson, 2009). According to Crinson 2009 Health policy is hypothesised in terms of macro and micro social developments, with the macro level reading the working of social and dinner gown structures, such as the economic context of the state and the market, and the National Health service (NHS). The micro side focuses on the influence of policy from the level of the healthcare professionals and the experience of the users (Crinson, 2009).Policy making, according to a White Paper published by the Labour establishment in 1999 states that it is a method in which a government interpret their political vision into programmes and actions in order to make changes that are required and wanted by the population (Cabinet Office, 1999). It was also focused on modernising the government schema (Cabinet Office, 1999a) and the need for more inclusive and reactive policys linked to passels demands. It planned to guarantee that policy making was to become more forward view and evidence-based, as well as correctly assessed and based on best practice. It went on to note the need for improved evidence when addressing policy making and to correspond a more joined-up approach across government departments and agencies (Cabinet Office, 1999).According to the World Health Organisation health policy signifies decisions, plans and actions that are started in order to nark detailed health care goals within a society. It goes on to note that and clear and string policy can outline an idea for the future whilst helps to run aground objectives and points of orientation. A health policy can also help to design a framework and build agreement in addition to informing population (WHO, 2006).There are three key policies areas within the division of Health and they are National Health (NH), Public Health (PH), and Social Care (SC) (Kouvonen, 2012). The current theory has two dissimilar backgrounds the first off is a public policy synopsis that is favoured by the Un ited States and Northern Ireland. The second is favoured in the United soil and is a social policy theoretical structure (Kouvonen, 2012).Policies are intended to improve on current provisions in health and social care in the UK and aim to guarantee services that are funded or supported by the Department of Health are de anticipatered in an open and patient-centred way (www.dh.gov.uk). This was not always the case, as according to Crinson governments were indifferent to the type of care delivered within the healthcare service that was the concern of the doctor. This was to change in the 1970s when the economy declined and evaluate revenue was reduced (Crinson, 2009).The roll of the state in providing health and welfare to the public according to Crinson 2009 takes the view that at that place are five diverse conceptualisations and they reiterate differences between political and conceptual actions of the role that the state should play when delivering health and welfare services (Crinson, 2009). The writer goes on to give examples of these conceptualisations one of which is the neoliberal apparent that influenced the change in the health and social welfare policies of the Thatcher Government in the 1980s (Crinson, 2009). In the Political-Economic Critique, according to OConnor et al welfarism serves to build consent for capitalism by means of the process of dividing the population into groups with specific needs. This he notes had the effect of individualising what are widespread social and health problems associates with living in a capitalists society (Gough, 1979).In a paper by David Berreby in which he asks the question, why do people get fat and risk major health problem?, He believes the root to this question is capitalism and sites it as the main cause of global obesity (Berreby, 2012). Conversely in a programme series aired on the BBC on the 11th July 2012 the reporter Jacques Peretti reports that our eating habits were changed by a decision ma de in America 40 years ago. Peretti travelled to America to examine the story of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten forages and drinks, chiefly processed and shop-bought foods. The sweetener was backed in America in the 1970s by Richard Nixons farming administrator Earl Butz to use additional corn grown by farmers. Inexpensive and sweeter than sugar, it rapidly found its way into nearly all convenience foods and ticklish drinks. HFCS is not only sweeter than sugar it also inhibits leptin, the hormone that controls hunger, resulting in the inability to stop eating (BBC, 2012). This was backed up by evidence from Robert Lustrig an endocrinologist, who according to this report, was the first to identify the dangers of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). His findings however, were discredited at the time. and a US Congress report sited fat, not sugar, for the alarming rise in cardio-vascular illness and the food industry responded with a series of low fat and heart healthy foods in which the fat was removed. (BBC, 2012). Policy makers encouraged farmers to overproduce corn and soy with the cartel of foreign trade (Philpott, 2008).It was also in the 1970s that Britains food manufactures used advertising drives to encourage the idea of snacking between meals. A fast food cultivation also developed and fast food chains offered tempting foods and customers served themselves, and according to Ritzer this was the beginning of McDonaldization of Society. He goes on to write how fast food restaurant top to the development of obesity and it emphasis on supersizing its portions (Ritzer, 2004).Conversely poverty increased in the 1970s under Thatcher Government and according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1979 13.40% of people in Britain lived below 60% on median income before housing costs. With this came a big rise in inequality and under the gini build for Britain was up to 0.339 from 0.253 (Crib, et al 2012).Due to th e comorbidities associated with obesity and their increasing cost to the NHS, the consequences of obesity are currently and will continue to be important public health challenges globally and in the UK. It impacts through society and across all life escapes, and can increase the risk of life threatening disease (Kouvonen, 2012).Appendix 1.Currently there is a framework in Northern Ireland titled A Fitter Future for All, this agenda spans from 2012 to 2022. Within this paper it explains that in Northern Ireland 59% of adults are either overweight (36%) or obese (23%) (DHSSPSNI, 2012). This policy addresses the need to act from childhood based on evidence from the Foresight brood 2007, and is now a cross sectorial cohesive life course agenda that will address obesity over the next 10 years (Foresight review, 2012). The Department of Health has published a follow-on document to the Public Health White Paper called Healthy lives, healthy people A call to action on obesity in England, which sets new discipline drives for a descending trend in excess weight by 2020. The Tackling Obesities Future Choices project presented its findings on 17 October 2007 and the purpose aims to deliver a feasible response to obesity in the UK over the next 40 years. It also sets out examples of what is intended on a national level to help challenge obesity, one of these is called Change4life programme. In this programme it states it will help consumers make healthier food choices (www.dh.gov.uk). This could be linked to Professor Marmot point, when he discussed behavioural choices as individuals such as where to shop for food, and how these decisions are dictated by the individuals socio-economic circumstance, and if they can afford the recommended good food (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012).A fitter Future for All and Healthy Lives, healthy people are policies that both the British and Northern Ireland government support, but there are wider determinants of slimy health su ch as poverty and inequalities that play an important role in obesity (HM Government, 2010). It could be argued that while policies such as these are targeting the causes of obesity, they are not actively seeking out realistic solutions to the problem people may know they need to eat healthier, but simply cannot afford to corrupt the better food.In developing countries grade of obesity are inclined to rise, and this is associated with growing social disadvantage addressing social deprivation and material disadvantage is likely to reduce obesity (Kouvonen. 2012).Socio-economic class as a factor in health is not a new phoneme in the United Kingdom, as it has a history of many hundreds of years. According to Edwin Chadwicks report on sanitary conditions of the labouring population in Britain in 1842 showed that in Liverpool the average age of mortality for people in the upper classes was 35 years, and 15 years for labours and servants (Richardson, 2008). Inequalities still exist toda y, but have improved and in the Black report published in 1980 it states that there are still inequalities with regard to life expectancy and the use of medical services (Whitehead et al, 1992).According to the Foresight report (2007) a government cognition think tank reported that most adults are already overweight. It goes on to note that modern living will ensure that upcoming generations will be heavier than the last, and by 2050, 60% of men and 50% of women maybe clinically obese. The report also states the obesity is a multifarious and there is no evidence anywhere in the world where obesity has reversed. Social policy frameworks are paramount according to this report (Foresight Review, 2012).The Marmot Report the third such officially approved analysis in as many decades probing the link between health and wealth. The findings confirmed an alarming social incline, the poor not only die sevener years earlier than the rich, but they can expect to become disabled 17 years soo ner. Professor Marmot continues to discuss behavioural choices we make as individuals are part of our social and economic settings. He believes that people born into more affluent milieu tend to adopt a healthy lifestyle, resulting in healthcare differences between the social classes (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012).In 2011 the Chief medical Officers (CMOs) from across the UK published new strategies for physical activity, and they addressed a life course methodology, and included guidelines for early years (www.ic.nhs.uk). It could be argued this is a blanket policy and it is widely known that poorer people have limited choices with regards to lifestyle choices such as gym memberships. Also the report appears to place the responsibility of exercise on the individual. People from poorer socio-economic backgrounds have poorer housing and environments that dont encourage physical exercise which could be collect to social culture of where these people live and lack of resources (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012). Addressing overweight children that become obese in later life was issue elevated by Dr Hilary Jones on Good Morning Britain, when he stated that obesity begins in childhood. He went on to say that the National Health Service and the Government know causes of obesity but actively preventing it in childhood needs to be addressed (www.gm.tv).Prevention of obesity is more achievable goal than addressing obesity when it becomes established, as some health problems that are acquired through obesity remain an issue even after weight loss. Therefore government policies are largishly shoot fored at primary prevention of obesity such as eating well, exercise and no smoking (Kouvonen, 2012).Social determinants of health are also a key factor in obesity in both children and adults. According to the World Health Organisation the social conditions in which people live are paramount to their health. It goes on to note that lack of income, poor housing a nd lack of access to healthcare facilities are just some of the factors leading to inequalities (www.who.int). health check care on its own cannot adequately improve individuals health and addressing where people live and work is also important The social determinants of health are the upstream social, economic, and environmental factors that happen upon the health of individuals and populations, including income, social support, education and literacy, employment and working conditions. Downstream determinants, which include physical activity, clean air and water and healthy housing. These factors can influence health inequalities difference between social groups that can result in obesity in poorer areas (Kouvonen, 2012).Incidents of Childhood obesity are higher in areas with a lower socioeconomic population according to National Health Service instruction Centre report on obesity. It also states that obesity is more widespread in schools in disadvantaged areas. It also noted th at with Reception children (children in the primary school age group) 6.9% of those in least deprived areas were obese, in comparison to 12.1 percent of children in most deprived areas (www.ic.nhs.uk).In Northern Ireland statistics show that 8 percent of children ages between 2 and 15 years are obese, according to the Health Minister Edwin Poots. The health Minister went on to say that the likelihood of obese children become obese adults was probable this would put greater strain on the health and social care services due to the comorbidities associated with the condition (Northern Ireland Executive, 2012).Governments state that health policies are micro driven, but in reality it could be argued that they are macro driven as ultimately obesity will cost more in the long run due to obesity related illness such as diabetes and heat disease, and according to NHS website the cost will be 4.20 billion per year (HM Government). Tackling obesity is a challenge for not only the UK, but glob ally and according to the Department of Health and Social Services Northern Ireland website, overweight and obesity will overtake malnutrition and infectious disease in terms of their cost to the health services and people suffering from the condition (www.dhsspsni.gov.uk). Appendix 2.It was not until 1999 that obesity was declared an epidemic in America and was considered to affect all racial groups and across all ages in United States (National Medical Association, 1999). According to the information published there was an increase from 12% to 18% over a seven year period using a body mass index (BMI) that was greater than 30 (National Medical Association, 1999). Historically obesity rates were low and unaffected until 1970s and 80s, and the obesogentic environment (an environment that encourages and leads to obesity in individuals that relates to the influence that contribute towards obesity such as food, physical activity and environment. legion(predicate) broader determinants of poor health such as health inequalities, poverty and deprivation play a significant role, and these factors have not swayed over the years. In pre-war Britain large differences in mortality and morbidity levels between rich and poor were recognised as the norm by policy makers. It was the introduction of the National Health Service in the 1940s that brought with it hope that the social class differences affecting health would decline. It wasnt until the 1970s that the Marmot Report stated peoples lifestyle and circumstances have a direct effect on their health (Crinson, 2009).The health implications from obesity are immense and can ultimately result in a premature death. Although obesity is caused by intake of more energy through food and drink than needed and the resulting excess stored in fat in the body, the view that obesogenic environment also plays a part in obesity is becoming widely accepted. Social and economic circumstances are also evaluated in this paper as are the ro le of governments and policy makers, both in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The overall view of this paper would be that policies are made by individuals that have no insight into what part of society they are directed at such as deprived and socio-economic areas that lack the means and facilities whereby individuals feel that their contribution to society is valued and important enough for them to care about their own wellbeing. Policies are not directed at one specific group such and the one size fits all doesnt appear to be working as obesity is now a global epidemic.BibliographyBBC (2012) The Men who made us fat episode 3, ready(prenominal) at www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kd06l (Accessed 06/11/2012 20.05)Berreby, David. (2012). Is Capitalism To Blame for Worldwide Obesity? Available athttp//bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/is-capitalism-to-blame-for-worldwide-obesity (Accessed 5/11/2012)Braveman, Paula. Egeter, Susan. Williams, R. William (2011) The Social Determinants of Health Coming of Age, Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 32 381-98Cabinet Office (1999) Modernising Government White Paper available at http//www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm43/4310/4310.htm (accessed 05/11/2012)Crib et al (2012) Briefing Notes on Jubilees compared incomes, spending and work in the late 1970s and early 2010s, available at http//www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6190 (Accessed 12/11/2012)Crinson, Iain (2009) Health Policy, a critical prospective, SAGE, LondonDepartment of Health Public health (2012) Adult social care, and the NHS Obesity Document, available at www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/public-health/obesity-healthy-living (Accessed 10/11/2012)Department of Works Pensions (2011) Causes of Obesity available at, http//www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity (Accessed 05/11/2012)Department for Works Pensions (2011) Definition of Overweight and Obesity available at, http//www.dwp.gov .uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity (Accessed 05/11/2012)DHSSPSNI (2012) Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland 2012-2022, available at http//www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/framework-preventing-addressing-overweight-obesity-ni-2012-2022.pdf (accessed 8/11/2012)DHSSPSNI (2011) Safety, Quality and Standards Safety and Quality Policy Document available at www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/phealth/sqs.htm (Accessed 6/11/2012)Foresight Review (2012) www.foresightreport.com (Accessed 08/11/2012 9.50)GMTV (2012) www.gm.tv.uk (Viewed 07/11/2012 7.47)Gough, I. (1979) The Political Economy of the Welfare State, Macmillan, BasingstokeHM Government (2010) Healthy Lives, Healthy People Our Strategy for Public Health in England, available at www.official-documents.gov.uk (accessed 10/11/2012)NHS Information Centre (2011) Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet England, available at http//www.ic.nhs.uk/webfile s/publications/003_Health_Lifestyles/opad11/Statistics_on_Obesity_Physical_Activity_and_Diet_England_2011_revised_Aug11.pdf (Accessed 08/11/2012 8.25)NHS Information Centre (2011) Obesity Rising Among Final Year Primary School Children, available at www.ic.nhs.uk/ncmp (Accessed 10/11/2012 20.55)Kouvonen, Dr A. (2012) What is Health Policy?, Lecture Notes week 1 Lecture 2Kouvonen, Dr A. (2012) Current Issues in Health Policy Obesity, Week 4 Lecture 2National Medical Association (1999) Obesity Declared an Epidemic in the United States,J Natl Med Assoc. 1999 December 91(12) 645 PMCID PMC2608606Northern Ireland Executive (2012) available at http//www.northernireland.gov.uk/index/media-centre/news-departments/news-dhssps/news-dhssps-08032012-obesity-cuts-life.htm (Accessed 08/11/2012 20.15)Philpott, T (2008) A reflectivity of the Lasing Legacy of the 1970s USDA Secretary Earl Butz available at http//grist.org/article/the-butz-stops-here (Accessed 7/11/2012)Richardson, W.B. (2008) Th e Health of Nations A Review of the Works of Edwin Chadwick, Volume I. BiblioLife, LLCRitzer, G. (2004) The McDonaldization of Society, SAGE, calciumUCL Institute of Health Equity (2012) Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010 (The Marmot Review), available at www.marmotreview.org (Accessed 9/11/2012)Whitehead, M., Townsend, P., Davidson, N., Daivdsen, N., (1992) Inequalities in Health The Black Report and the Health Divide, Penguin Books Ltd New edition (29 Oct 1992)World Health Organisation (2006) Commission on Social Determinants of Health, available at www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_brochure.pdf (Accessed 09/11/2012 17.56)World Health Organisation (2012) Health Policy, available at www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ (Accessed 05/11/2012 8.50)World Health Organisation (2012) Obesity, available at www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ (Accessed 05/11/2012 17.43)Appendix 1

A Summary of the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Epic of Gilgamesh A Summary The Epic of Gilgamesh is a moving record of the friendship between Gilgamesh, the demigod king of Uruk, and the wild man Enkidu. Accepting ones own mortality is the overarching theme of the epic as Gilgamesh and Enkidu find their highest purpose in the pursuit of eternal life. The epic begins with Gilgamesh terrorizing the people of Uruk. They c every(prenominal) out to the sky god Anu for help. In response Anu tells the goddess of creation, Aruru, to make an equal for Gilgamesh. Thus Aruru created Enkidu, a barbarian with the strength of dozens of wild animals. later on being seduced by a harlot from the temple of love in Uruk, Enkidu loses his strength and wildness yet gains perception and understanding. The harlot offers to take him into Uruk where Gilgamesh lives, the only man worthy of Enkidus friendship. After a brief brawl the two become devoted friends. The newfound friends gradually mince and grow lazy living in the city, so Gilgamesh p roposes a great adventure that entails cutting down a great cedar forest to digit a great monument to the gods. However to accomplish this they must kill the Guardian of the Cedar Forest, the great demon, Humbaba the Terrible. Enkidu, along with the elders of the city, have serious reservations about such(prenominal) an undertaking but in the end Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the terrible demon. As Gilgamesh cleans himself and his blood stained weapons, Ishtar, the goddess of love and beauty, takes notice of his beauty and offers to become his wife. Gilgamesh refuses with insults, listing all her mortal lovers and recounting the dire fates they all met with at her hands. Ishtar is enraged at the rebuff. She returns to heaven and begs her father, Anu, to let her have the Bull of Heaven to wreak vengeance on Gilgamesh and his city. Anu reluctantly gives in, and the Bull of Heaven is sent down to terrorize the people of Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu, work together to slay the mighty bull. T hat following night Enkidu dreams that the chief gods met in a council and had decided that someone should be punished for the killing of Humbaba and the Bull of the Heavens. That someone is he. Enkidu commends himself to Gilgamesh, and after suffering terribly for twelve days, he finally dies. After Enkidus death, Gilgamesh comes to the realization that one day he too will succumb to the same fate as his friend.

Summary of Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations Great Expectations is one of many great books written by Charles Dickens, and in my opinion it entrust always be one of the great classics in English literature. Charles Dickens introduces Miss Haversham to the novel in the following way.The story is told by mop up, a braggart(a) man describing his experiences as a young common labouring boy in the early Victorian period. He sometimes tends to narrate the story as if through the eyes of an innocent child. The effect that has on the reader is that it brings out both a mature and young adventurous side in us, it as well makes us feel sorry for Pip in a way, because of the way he was treated by his merciless sister. For example when Pip?s uncle Mr Pumblechuck tells Pip he has to go and entertain a woman he doesn?t know called Miss Haversham, his sister forces him to go even though he doesn?t want to with a threat. ?If Miss Haversham wants a boy to go and play there and of course he?s going, or I?ll work him?. Th e invoice for this is she never wanted Pip in the first place as he was dumped on her, so she was happy to get rid of him.When Pip is delivered by his uncle (although Pip is not allowed to call him uncle) at Miss Haversham?s mansion, he is informally greeted by a pretty young girl called Estella, who he takes a liking to at first sight, even after she refers him as ?boy? in a rude manner repeatedly. Once he enters through the sapless wooden gates notices a few details that may reflect on Miss Haversham, for example the clock has stopped on quarter to nine, the hedges oasis?t been cut in a long time and there are bars on every window to carry someone in or out. When Estella guides him through a ridiculously dark tunnel with a candle instead of opening a pair of curtains, this suggest Miss Haversham wants to keep the outside world and light away from her, it could even reflect on the mood she?s in. the effect this would have on Pip is that, to him it?s a big mystery in a dark not knowing were his going to he end up, also hiding his fear and nervousness to transfuse Estella. Estella points to the door he must enter and leaves with the candle intentionally being cruel.

Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Beatrice, Benedick, and Love

Beatrice, Benedick, and Love in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is set in thirteenth century Italy. The plot of the play can be categorized as comedy or tragicomedy . Villainy and scheming combine with body fluid and sparkling wordplay in Shakespeares comedy of manners. Claudio is deceived into believing that Hero, is unfaithful. Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have a kind of merry war surrounded by them, matching wits in repartee. This paper will attempt to present the fact that Beatrice and Benedick are in love during the entire play despite their witty rivalries. Their friends schemes lead severally to think that the other is in love, which allows the true affection between them which leads to the exchange of the sacred vows. They offer comedy of both character and situation. The merry war between them is established in the opening scene Beatrice piles comic insults on Benedick both before she sees him and to his face, yet there is no mistak ing her care in him, however it may be expressed and although Benedick declares himself a professed tyrant to their sex (1.1.161) and an opponent to marriage, he tells Claudio that Beatrice an she were not possessed with fury, exceeds Hero as much in beauty as the first May doth the last of December (1.1.180-2). Beatrice, too, though she says she prays morn and night that God will send her no husband, admits that there is something to be said for Benedick, were it not for his perpetual tattling (2.1.6-26) (Wells 167). Beatrice and Benedick had been more or less in love for some time, and Benedick had recede Bene O God, sir, heres a dish I love not I cannot endure my Lady Tongue. Exit D. Pedro Come, la... ...eason, she loves him but in amiable recompense he takes her only for pity, she yields to him on great persuasion, and partly to save your life, for I was told you were in a consumption. As pipers strike up the music for a final dance we can only agree that they were too wis e to woo peaceably (5.2.65) (Palmer 119). Shakespeares interest in carry through frequently is merely tertiary to his powers of characterization and of language. In Much Ado he created a puzzling proportion between Beatrice and Benedick. It is upto the reader to interpret this relation as love or merry war. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare The Invention of the Human. New York Riverhead Books, 1998. Palmer, John. Comic Characters of Shakespeare. New York Macmillan, 1959. Wells, Stanely. Shakespeare - a Life in Drama. New York W.W Norton, 1997.

Essay --

Rodrigo Csar is the cancer that grows within Rodrigo Ferreira.From the sculptural craft based tradition where very little space was left(a) for new ideas and approaches to the mediums utilise (sand, ice, snow, wood, stone, among others), that Ferreira was involved with for over eleven years Csar lifts the veil and crawls outside into this world he didnt born in merely grows in.Csar comes to be rupturing with this set of skills and knowledge of Ferreiras mainly practical past, but as well strong visual media based experience, in a constant expect for whats ahead in the distance, passing thru the dark with his arms stretched, palpably towards the uncertain.Currently working in a variety of media, his recitation spans into installation, performance, video and sound.With the uptake of found objects and materials detoured from their route and extracted from a day-to-day context. Csar challenges and questions, with the use of juxtaposition and appropriation of the symbols carried wit hin the collected objects, in the shape of a site responsive installation, the logic of a capitalist c... Essay -- Rodrigo Csar is the cancer that grows within Rodrigo Ferreira.From the sculptural craft based tradition where very little space was left for new ideas and approaches to the mediums used (sand, ice, snow, wood, stone, among others), that Ferreira was involved with for over eleven years Csar lifts the veil and crawls outside into this world he didnt born in but grows in.Csar comes to be rupturing with this set of skills and knowledge of Ferreiras mainly practical past, but as well strong visual media based experience, in a constant search for whats ahead in the distance, passing thru the dark with his arms stretched, palpably towards the uncertain.Currently working in a variety of media, his practice spans into installation, performance, video and sound.With the use of found objects and materials detoured from their route and extracted from a day-to-day co ntext. Csar challenges and questions, with the use of juxtaposition and appropriation of the symbols carried within the collected objects, in the shape of a site responsive installation, the logic of a capitalist c...

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As we sit here this evening, knowing not what lies ahead, but feeling satisfied that we have faultless this challenge, we start to wonder. What have we gained from these last 13 years of school?How often have we asked ourselves Why do we attend school? What do we expect to comp permite? And what do we gain? Questions, whose importance we may not fully understand today, but which have drastically molded our futures. Sure, this path hasnt been the easiest to follow, but we navigated through the complications and tribulations to the full stop we are at now, and I ask once again, what have we gained?Education has supplied us with a commonality, a basic foundation on which we may frame our ideas. These ideas are the essential elements that dominate our lives. Each is unique and special. But just like it is perplexing to communicate without understanding the other person, it is difficult to express ideas without an education.Today, let us give thanks to all those who have helped us alo ng the way our parents for their love and support, our teachers for their dedication and encouragement, and to our fellow classmates for their friendship and compassion.In this stage of carriage we are still discovering ourselves and the world around us. Our experiences are lacking and our world varies tremendously from our parents and grandparents generations. We are still struggling for meaning and purpose. As we continue to evolve and develop, our understanding will blossom and our convictions will strengthen. Because of our technology, our generation can communicate world-wide. As we continue to strive for greater opportunities and a better life, we must stand fast being consumed by our own inventions and instead aspire to personally interact with the outside world. The Internet and other modes of communication can only provide a window, a seat in the theater of life. The world is a stage and we are the actors -- the performers that touch the lives of our children -- the inno vators of this conventional realm. Technology can only perform the tasks we platform into it accomplishment requires a human being. Striving for knowledge and perfection is admirable, but have the courage to maintain your personal identity. Put your emphasis on the qualities that nail down our individual personalities and contribute to our diversity.So, what have we gained? These last 13 years of school have prepared us for the journey we are about to embark upon.